Table 1.

Electroanalytical applications of unmodified PGEs.

Compound	Technique	Linear range (μM)	LD (μM)	Sample	Ref.
Acebutolol	DPV SWV	1–15	0.0126 0.0128	Urine	[90]
Acetaminophen	CV; FI	100–5000		Pharmaceuticals	[40]
Acetylsalicylic acid	SWV	35–300∗∗  350–700	167∗	Pharmaceuticals	[91]
Acyclovir	DPV	1–100	0.3	Pharmaceuticals	[27]
Caffeic acid/TPC	FIA-Amp	1–20∗∗		Tea infusion	[19]
Caffeic acid/TPC	DPV	0.1–3000	0.0883	Tea infusion	[10]
Caffeine	SWASV	<500∗∗	9.2∗∗	Tea	[92]
Chlorogenic acid	DPV	0.1–500	0.0714	Dietary supplements	[46]
Dantrolene sodium	DPV SWV	0.395–2.955∗∗ 0.395–1.9∗∗	0.09 0.052	Pharmaceuticals, human mother milk, urine	[48]
Eugenol	DPV	0.3–50	0.085	Pharmaceuticals	[36]
Famotidine	DPV	0.472–495	0.151	Pharmaceuticals	[45]
Flutamide Irinotecan	SWCASV	0.398–6.36 0.0794–0.403	0.0155 0.00168	Bulk form, human urine, serum	[49]
Hydroxyurea	DPV	10–1000	7.89	Pharmaceuticals, human urine	[31]
Itraconazole	SWASV	10.6–127∗	8.7∗	Pharmaceuticals, biological fluids	[93]
Methylergometrine maleate	DPV	0.10–1.00∗∗	0.02∗∗	Pharmaceuticals	[52]
Niclosamide	DPV	0.05–10.0	0.015	Pharmaceuticals	[37]
Ozone	Amp	30–400	0.6	Tap water	[38]
Paclitaxel	DPV	0.4–3.0	0.00246	Pharmaceuticals, biological fluids	[26]
Rosmarinic acid	DPV	0.01–10	0.00793	Tea infusion	[11]
Salicylic acid	SWV	0.1-80∗∗	1.7∗	Willow barks and branches	[94]
Silver	DPV	0.015–0.25	0.01	Waters, tobacco cells, fish tissues	[95]
Strontium ranelate	SWV	1–10∗∗	0.17∗∗	Pharmaceuticals	[20]
Trepibutone	SWV	0.24–10∗∗	20∗	Pharmaceuticals	[96]
Uranium	SWASV	<0.00008∗	0.000007∗	Rocks, earthworm	[97]
Vitamin B1 Vitamin B6	DPV	10.0–1000 5.00–1000	5.34 2.81	Pharmaceuticals	[44]

^∗ng·mL⁻¹; ^∗∗µg·mL⁻¹; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; SWV: square wave voltammetry; CV: cyclic voltammetry; FI(A): flow injection (analysis); Amp: amperometry; SWASV: square wave anodic stripping voltammetry; SWCASV: square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry; TPC: total polyphenolic content.