Table 4.
PGE used in tandem with separation techniques.
| Compound | PGE modifier | Technique | Linear range (μM) | LD (μM) | Sample | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-, L- Aspartic acid | MIP | MIP-SPME-DPASV | 0.6–10∗ 0.1–10∗ |
0.180∗ 0.032∗ |
Blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid | [184] |
|
| ||||||
| Buprenorphine | MWCNTs | PTFE-LPME- DPV |
0.000001–0.000109 0.000109–0.11 |
0.0000006 | Human urine and plasma | [185] |
|
| ||||||
| Clozapine | — | EME-DPV | 3–1500∗ | 0.9∗ | Human plasma | [71] |
|
| ||||||
| Epinephrine | MIP/MWCNTs-NHPM | MI-MSPE-DPASV | 0.005–8∗ | 0.002∗ | Cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, pharmaceutics | [186] |
|
| ||||||
| Flutamide | SDS-modified silica film |
DPV | 0.0001–0.1 0.1–100 |
0.000034 | Human urine and plasma | [187] |
|
| ||||||
| Insulin | RuO2-GO nanocomposite | DPV | 0.0008–0.02 0.02–1.00 |
0.000024 | Blood, urine | [188] |
|
| ||||||
| D-, L- Methionine | EC-MIP/MWCNTs-COOH | MI-MSPE- DPCSV |
0.03–30.00∗ | 0.0098∗ | Pharmaceuticals, human blood plasma | [189] |
|
| ||||||
| Tramadol | RGO | EM-SPME- LSV |
0.01–0.50∗∗ 0.50–50∗∗ |
0.003∗∗ | Urine | [190] |
∗ng mL−1; ∗∗µg mL−1; MI(P): molecularly imprinted (polymer); SPME: solid phase microextraction; PTFE: polytetrafluorethylene; LPME: liquid three-phase microextraction; EM(E): electromembrane (extraction); MI-MSPE: MI-micro-solid-phase extraction; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulphate; (R)GO; (reduced) graphene oxide; EC-MIP: electrochemically synthesized-MIP. All the other abbreviations are like those in the previous tables.