Table 1. Characteristics of model mice.
| Parameter | BD | CTRL | PEMA-L | PEMA-H | FENO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 7 |
| Food intake (g/day) | — | 3.28 ± 0.21 | 3.54 ± 0.25 | 3.43 ± 0.14 | 3.02 ± 0.22 |
| Body weight (g) | 29.4 ± 0.5† | 41.3 ± 0.3 | 39.6 ± 0.4* | 36.2 ± 0.3* | 38.7 ± 0.4* |
| Liver weight (g) | 1.29 ± 0.05† | 3.80 ± 0.12 | 4.00 ± 0.07 | 3.88 ± 0.09 | 3.86 ± 0.09 |
| Epididymal adipose tissue (g) | 0.32 ± 0.04† | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 0.92 ± 0.03* | 0.66 ± 0.03* | 0.84 ± 0.03* |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (g) | 0.19 ± 0.03† | 0.65 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.04* | 0.37 ± 0.02* | 0.58 ± 0.02 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 96.8 ± 4.4† | 283.5 ± 10.2 | 263.8 ± 6.6 | 199.5 ± 1.8* | 205.0 ± 5.1* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 61.0 ± 7.5† | 25.1 ± 1.5 | 12.6 ± 1.1* | 9.1 ± 1.0* | 8.6 ± 0.6* |
| Free fatty acids (uEQ/L) | 393.6 ± 42.1† | 673.2 ± 58.9 | 494.7 ± 50.2* | 332.1 ± 32.4* | 274.9 ± 19.5* |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 95.2 ± 11.4† | 236.0 ± 9.8 | 242.6 ± 11.1 | 194.3 ± 10.9* | 223.7 ± 15.9 |
| Insulin (ng/mL) | 0.024 ± 0.007† | 0.096 ± 0.015 | 0.077 ± 0.002 | 0.048 ± 0.003* | 0.075 ± 0.008 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.13 ± 0.04† | 1.44 ± 0.21 | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 0.61 ± 0.07* | 0.97 ± 0.16 |
| AST (IU/L) | 49.0 ± 6.2† | 197.6 ± 12.1 | 210.8 ± 16.0 | 162.6 ± 14.3 | 227.1 ± 22.7 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 23.2 ± 1.9† | 285.7 ± 21.0 | 250.9 ± 16.2 | 174.3 ± 9.7* | 198.7 ± 30.7* |
| Liver ATP content (μmol/g)§ | 6.59 ± 1.02† | 4.61 ± 0.34 | 6.09 ± 0.28* | 6.47 ± 0.24* | 5.88 ± 0.40* |
| VO2 (mL/min/kg)§ | 53.3 ± 1.7† | 46.6 ± 0.3 | 48.1 ± 2.7 | 52.6 ± 2.2* | 48.4 ± 1.6 |
| VCO2 (mL/min/kg)§ | 45.0 ± 1.2† | 36.7 ± 0.8 | 37.3 ± 1.5 | 43.5 ± 3.0* | 38.6 ± 0.8 |
| RQ§ | 0.85 ± 0.04 | 0.79 ± 0.01 | 0.78 ± 0.01 | 0.83 ± 0.02 | 0.80 ± 0.03 |
HOMA-IR, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ATP, Adenosine triphosphate; VO2, oxygen uptake; VCO2, production of carbon dioxide; RQ, respiratory quotient. Data are the mean ± SE (§n = 5). Significance was determined using Student’s t-test (†p < 0.05 versus CTRL mice) or Dunnett’s test (*p < 0.05 versus CTRL mice).