Fig. 1.

The addition of ecdysone causes the production of fewer winged offspring, whereas interference with ecdysone receptor activity causes the production of more winged offspring. (A) Adult, wingless aphids were fed on artificial media containing 20E or control media without 20E (n = 18 sets of three aphids for the treatment, n = 19 for the control), or (B) were injected with methoxyfenozide dissolved in acetone or acetone only (n = 20 sets of three aphids for the treatment, n = 19 for the control). (C) Adult, wingless aphids were injected with cucurbitacin B dissolved in Ringer’s solution or a Ringer’s solution control (n = 15 sets of three aphids each for treatment and control), or (D) with dsRNA against EcR or EcR compared with control aphids (n = 15 sets of three aphids each for treatment and control). Each data point is the percentage of winged offspring produced by sets of three aphids. Boxes show the interquartile range, and the line is the median value of each group. Black circles are outliers. Significant differences between treatments are represented by asterisks: ^†P < 0.10; *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.