Table 4.

Interventions to prevent VAP in Neonates

Definite or probable benefit	Unclear benefit
Caregiver education	Oral care with antiseptic or colostrum
Hand hygiene	Elevation of head of bed
Wear gloves when in contact with secretions	In-Line (closed) suctioning
Minimize days of ventilation
Prevent unplanned extubation-avoid reintubation
Suction orophaynx
Prevent gastric distension
Change ventilator circuit only when visibly soiled or malfunctioning
Remove condensate from ventilator circuit frequently

Modified from ref [54]