Table 3.
Proteases from ticks
| Protease | Species | Synthetic/Natural substrate | Inhibitor | Localization | Role | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cysteine | ||||||
| Cathepsin L | ||||||
| IrCL 1 | Ixodes ricinus | Z-Phe-Arg-AMC | E-64; Z-Phe-Phe-DMK | Gut | Digestion | [67] |
| HlCPL-A | Haemaphysalis longicornis | Z-Phe-Arg-AMC | Leupeptin; Antipain; E-64 | Gut | Digestion | [69] |
| HLCG-A; HLCG-B | H. longicornis | – | – | – | Digestion | [70] |
| BmCL 1 | Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | H-D-Val-Phe-Lys-pNA; Hb | E-64; Leupeptin; Antipain | Gut | Digestion; yolk formation | [72, 73] |
| RmLCE | R. (B.) microplus | AbzAla-Ile-Ala-Phe-Phe-Ser-Arg-Gln-EDDnp; N-Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC; Hb | E-64; Pepstatin A; Papain | Larve; gut | Digestion; yolk formation | [72, 74] |
| VTDCE | R. (B.) microplus | N-Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC; Hb | E-64 | Salivary glands; gut; haemolymph; fat body; ovary; eggs | Yolk formation; immunity; digestion | [76, 77] |
| Cathepsin B | ||||||
| IrCB | I. ricinus | – | – | Gut | Digestion | [44, 66] |
| Longipain | H. longicornis | Z-Phe-Arg-AMC | E-64 | Gut | Immunity | [80] |
| Cathepsin C | ||||||
| IrCC | I. ricinus | Hb | – | Salivary glands; gut; ovary | Digestion | [44, 66] |
| Legumain | ||||||
| IrAE | I. ricinus | Z-Ala-Ala-Asn-AMC | Azapeptidil | Gut | Digestion | [68] |
| H1Lgm 1; H1Lgm 2 | H. longicornis | Z-Ala-Ala-Asn-AMC | Iodoacetamide; N- ethylmaleimide | Gut | Haematophagy; digestion; yolk formation | [81–83] |
| Aspartic | ||||||
| Cathepsin D | ||||||
| IrCD1 | I. ricinus | Hb | Pepstatin | Gut female | Digestion | [85] |
| IrCD2 | I. ricinus | – | – | Gut; salivary glands | Digestion | [85] |
| IrCD3 | I. ricinus | – | – | Ovaries | Yolk formation | [85] |
| BYC | R. (B.) microplus | Hb; Vitellin | – | Eggs | Yolk formation | [86, 87] |
| THAP | R. (B.) microplus | Abz-AIAFFSRQ-EDDnp | Pepstatin | Eggs | Yolk formation | [88] |
| BmAP | R. (B.) microplus | – | – | Gut | Immunity | [89] |
| Longepsin | H. longicornis | FITC-casein | Pepstatin A | Salivary glands; gut | Digestion | [90] |
| Serine | ||||||
| Trypsin-like | ||||||
| IrFC | I. ricinus | – | – | Hemocytes | Immunity | [91] |
| HLSG1; HLSG2 | H. longicornis | Bz-I-Arg-pNa; BSA | Salivary glands; gut | Haematophagy; digestion | [93] | |
| HlSP; HlSP 2; HlSP 3 | H. longicornis | Bz-I-Arg-pNa; BSA | – | Gut | Digestion | [94, 95, 97] |
| Carboxypeptidase-like | ||||||
| HlSCP1 | H. longicornis | Z-Phe-Leu; Pyr-Phe-Leu-pNA | PMSF | Gut | Digestion | [98] |
| Metallo | ||||||
| Is-degradome | Ixodes scapularis | – | – | – | Digestion | [99] |
| Dv-coding sequences | Dermacentor variabilis | – | – | Gut | Digestion | [100] |
| Hf-coding sequences | Haemaphysalis flava | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [102] |
| Aa-sequences | Amblyomma americanum | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [104] |
| Metis 1; Metis 2 | I. ricinus | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [106] |
| M12 | ||||||
| AAP22067 | I. scapularis | Gelatin | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [19] |
| M17 | ||||||
| HlLAP | H. longicornis | – | – | Gut | Digestion | [101] |
| Reproplysin | ||||||
| HLMP1 | H. longicornis | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [107] |
| Ip-MPs | Ixodes persulcatus | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [108] |
| Rs-MPs | Rhipicephalus sanguineus | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [108] |
| BrRm-MPs | R. (B.) microplus | – | – | Salivary glands | Haematophagy | [108] |