Table 1.
Baseline Demographic & Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristic | All Patients (n = 455) | CRAS (n = 202) | Non-CRAS (n = 253) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| - Age, mean (SD), years | 46.4 (18.9) | 48.1 (17.8) | 45.0 (19.7) | |
| - Age groups | 0.09 | |||
| < 30 | 112 (24.6) | 42 (20.8) | 70 (27.7) | 0.09 |
| 30–50 | 140 (30.8) | 65 (32.2) | 75 (29.6) | 0.56 |
| > 50 | 203 (44.6) | 95 (47.0) | 108 (42.7) | 0.35 |
| - Female sex, no (%) | 257 (56.5) | 124 (61.4) | 133 (52.6) | 0.06 |
| - Primary education (%) | 319 (70.1) | 136 (67.3) | 183 (72.3) | 0.25 |
| - Self-employment (%) | 226 (49.7) | 99 (49.0) | 127 (50.2) | 0.80 |
| - Urban residence (%) | 303 (66.6) | 132 (65.4) | 171 (67.6) | 0.61 |
| - Ever smoker (%) | 49 (10.8) | 22 (10.9) | 27 (10.7) | 0.95 |
| - Health insurance (%) | 97 (21.3) | 41 (20.3) | 56 (22.1) | 0.64 |
| Vital sign, mean (SD) | ||||
| - Respiratory Rate, breaths/min | 24.1 (6.5) | 23.9 (6.5) | 24.3 (6.5) | 0.48 |
| - Heart rate, beats/min | 98.5 (22.2) | 94.5 (21.0) | 101.7 (22.7) | <0.001 |
| - Systolic BP, mmHg | 132.4 (35.9) | 144.7 (40.2) | 122.5 (28.5) | <0.001 |
| - Diastolic BP, mmHg | 82.3 (24.7) | 87.2 (26.6) | 78.4 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| - Oxygen saturation, % | 96.3 (7.6) | 96.5 (7.6) | 96.2 (7.6) | 0.64 |
| - NYHA III&IV (%) | 420 (92.3) | 188 (93.1) | 232 (91.7) | 0.58 |
| - BMI, kg/m2 | 25.1 (5.2) | 25.6 (4.7) | 24.8 (5.6) | 0.13 |
| Serum concentration, mean (SD) | ||||
| - Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.3 (3.1) | 8.3 (2.3) | 9.9 (2.1)a | <0.001 |
| - Mean Cell Volume, fL | 82.9 (9.0) | 81.5 (8.4) | 84.0 (9.4) | <0.01 |
| - Mean Cell Hemoglobin, pg/cell | 26.6 (3.6) | 25.9 (3.1) | 27.1 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| - Creatinine, μmol/L | 446.3 (679.1) | 870.1 (838.2) | 278.2 (224.0)b | <0.001 |
| - Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 4.2 (2.2) | 5.0 (2.4) | 3.6 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| - LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 3.2 (2.0) | 3.9 (2.1) | 2.5 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| - HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.5) | 1.0 (0.4) | 0.25 |
| - Sodium, mmol/L | 132.0 (8.3) | 131.3 (8.8) | 132.6 (7.9) | 0.9 |
| Hyponatremia (%) | 232 (54.7) | 112 (59.3) | 120 (51.1) | 0.09 |
| - Potassium, mmol/L | 4.4 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.1 (1.0) | 0.9 |
| Hypokalemia (%) | 80 (18.4) | 28 (14.5) | 52 (21.6) | 0.06 |
| Hyperkalemia (%) | 130 (30.0) | 87 (45.1) | 43 (17.8) | <0.001 |
| - Calcium, mmol/L | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.2) | 1 |
| Hypocalcemia (%) | 169 (48.8) | 94 (54.3) | 75 (43.4) | 0.04 |
| - Magnesium, mmol/L | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1 |
| Hypomagnesemia (%) | 41 (16.1) | 14 (11.0) | 27 (21.1) | 0.03 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||
| - Hypertension (%) | 246 (54.1) | 143 (70.8) | 103 (40.7) | <0.001 |
| - Diabetes (%) | 67 (14.7) | 42 (20.8) | 25 (9.9) | <0.01 |
| - HIV (%) | 31 (6.8) | 18 (8.9) | 13 (5.1) | 0.11 |
| Admission Duration, mean, days (SD) | 13.9 (13.0) | 14.4 (11.0) | 13.5 (14.5) | 0.42 |
a and b represents anemic (n = 129) and renal insufficiency (n = 34) subgroups amongst non-CRAS participants respectively