Table 2.
Cardiometabolic markers across pregnancy between randomised treatment groups
| Outcome | Lifestyle intervention group | Standard care group | Estimated effect (95% CI) (unadjusted) | P value (unadjusted) | Estimated effect (95% CI) (adjusted)a | P value (adjusted) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.856* | 0.866* | ||||
| Baseline | 5.48 (1.22) | 5.54 (1.22) | –0.04 (–0.17, 0.09) | 0.521 | –0.04 (–0.17, 0.09) | 0.512 |
| 28 weeks | 6.49 (1.47) | 6.59 (1.47) | –0.07 (–0.20, 0.07) | 0.320 | –0.06 (–0.19, 0.08) | 0.396 |
| 36 weeks | 6.76 (1.51) | 6.83 (1.55) | –0.08 (–0.21, 0.06) | 0.273 | –0.08 (–0.22, 0.06) | 0.265 |
| CRPb,c (mg/L) | 0.284* | 0.338* | ||||
| Baseline | 6.82 (4.04, 11.34) | 6.47 (3.36, 11.32) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.032 | 1.08 (1.01, 1.17) | 0.036 |
| 28 weeks | 6.40 (3.67, 10.43) | 5.92 (3.19, 10.18) | 1.12 (1.03, 1.21) | 0.006 | 1.11 (1.03, 1.20) | 0.006 |
| 36 weeks | 5.35 (3.08, 8.85) | 4.55 (2.49, 8.18) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.05, 1.23) | 0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 0.775* | 0.690* | ||||
| Baseline | 4.78 (0.94) | 4.76 (0.97) | 0.01 (–0.10, 0.12) | 0.864 | 0.01 (–0.10, 0.11) | 0.910 |
| 28 weeks | 4.89 (1.32) | 4.83 (1.38) | 0.06 (–0.05, 0.17) | 0.299 | 0.07 (–0.04, 0.18) | 0.227 |
| 36 weeks | 5.12 (1.19) | 5.08 (1.13) | 0.04 (–0.08, 0.16) | 0.534 | 0.03 (–0.08, 0.14) | 0.622 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 0.634* | 0.577* | ||||
| Baseline | 1.43 (0.37) | 1.44 (0.36) | 0.00 (–0.03, 0.04) | 0.976 | 0.00 (–0.03, 0.04) | 0.938 |
| 28 weeks | 1.49 (0.39) | 1.48 (0.40) | 0.01 (–0.03, 0.05) | 0.589 | 0.01 (–0.02, 0.05) | 0.492 |
| 36 weeks | 1.37 (0.36) | 1.39 (0.39) | –0.00 (–0.04, 0.03) | 0.807 | –0.00 (–0.04, 0.03) | 0.860 |
| Insulinb,c (μIU/mL) | ||||||
| 28 weeks | 18.92 (13.35, 27.16) | 18.42 (13.57, 26.07) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 0.419 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 0.471 |
| Adiponectinb (μg/mL) | 0.097* | 0.117* | ||||
| Trial entry | 8.16 (5.81, 12.15) | 8.66 (6.31, 11.96) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.656 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.650 |
| 28 weeks | 7.46 (5.07, 10.61) | 7.67 (5.60, 10.80) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.046 | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.034 |
| 36 weeks | 7.83 (5.76, 10.83) | 7.98 (5.73, 11.25) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.06) | 0.989 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.787 |
| Leptinb (ng/mL) | 0.257* | 0.241* | ||||
| Trial entry | 52.21 (37.76, 69.66) | 48.66 (35.12, 68.19) | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 0.145 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.08) | 0.160 |
| 28 weeks | 60.87 (43.74, 79.72) | 59.41 (43.07, 82.31) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 0.933 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.759 |
| 36 weeks | 54.15 (36.68, 74.20) | 54.49 (36.76, 74.39) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.380 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 0.538 |
| NEFAb,c (mmol/L) | ||||||
| 28 weeks | 0.34 (0.21, 0.47) | 0.35 (0.23, 0.47) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.316 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.271 |
| Triglyceridesb (mmol/L) | ||||||
| 28 weeks | 2.15 (1.73, 2.64) | 2.15 (1.69, 2.69) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.03) | 0.908 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.941 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | ||||||
| 28 weeks | 4.54 (1.39) | 4.65 (1.41) | 0.10 (–0.04, 0.24) | 0.152 | 0.09 (–0.05, 0.23) | 0.192 |
aAdjustment for centre, parity, BMI category (stratification variables), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage quintile, smoking status, and maternal age at consent
bOutcomes log transformed for analysis; the descriptives presented for these outcomes are median and interquartile range. Model estimates for these outcomes have been back-transformed to the original scale, and are therefore ratios of geometric means (approximately ratios of medians) (Intervention/Routine Care)
cOutcomes modelled using Tobit regression due to presence of values below and/or above detectable limits
For outcomes with repeated measures, numbers represent the number of women with a measure at any of the three timepoints (hence included in the model); for outcomes with only one time point, numbers are the number of women with a measure at that time
All other outcomes, are mean and standard deviation, and model estimates are differences in means
*P values for the time-by-treatment interaction term (i.e. testing whether the effect of treatment differed by time point)
CRP C-reactive protein, HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, LDL low-density lipoprotein cholesterol