Table 4.
Inflammatory markers across pregnancy and from cord blood between randomised treatment groups
| Outcome | Lifestyle advice group | Standard care group | Unadjusted estimate (95% CI) | Unadjusted P value | Adjusted estimate (95% CI)a | Adjusted P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GMCSF (pg/mL) | 0.036* | 0.016* | ||||
| Baseline | 1.02 (0.36, 4.41) | 1.05 (0.36, 4.15) | 1.00 (0.84, 1.19) | 0.986 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.20) | 0.916 |
| 28 weeks | 0.99 (0.36, 4.20) | 0.92 (0.32, 3.98) | 1.06 (0.88, 1.26) | 0.545 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.28) | 0.444 |
| 36 weeks | 0.99 (0.34, 4.06) | 0.95 (0.33, 3.79) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.964 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.21) | 0.913 |
| Cord blood | 0.44 (0.23, 0.82) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.87) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.98) | 0.034 | 0.80 (0.65, 0.97) | 0.026 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL) | 0.638* | 0.559* | ||||
| Baseline | 0.39 (0.13, 1.28) | 0.35 (0.14, 1.24) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) | 0.809 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.834 |
| 28 weeks | 0.38 (0.12, 1.17) | 0.34 (0.13, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 0.801 | 1.02 (0.86, 1.21) | 0.832 |
| 36 weeks | 0.35 (0.11, 1.11) | 0.30 (0.11, 1.03) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.30) | 0.333 | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) | 0.419 |
| Cord blood | 0.17 (0.07, 1.43) | 0.20 (0.07, 1.29) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) | 0.684 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) | 0.476 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.600* | 0.643* | ||||
| Baseline | 0.72 (0.10, 2.69) | 0.68 (0.10, 2.53) | 1.01 (0.81, 1.25) | 0.950 | 1.00 (0.80, 1.24) | 0.967 |
| 28 weeks | 0.62 (0.10, 2.69) | 0.57 (0.10, 2.14) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 0.581 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.32) | 0.650 |
| 36 weeks | 0.60 (0.10, 2.28) | 0.47 (0.10, 2.08) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.46) | 0.195 | 1.15 (0.91, 1.44) | 0.247 |
| Cord blood | 0.42 (0.12, 0.87) | 0.40 (0.10, 0.82) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.32) | 0.766 | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 0.770 |
| IL-1β (pg/mL) | 0.883* | 0.807* | ||||
| Baseline | 0.20 (0.10, 0.59) | 0.19 (0.10, 0.53) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.621 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.687 |
| 28 weeks | 0.19 (0.10, 0.54) | 0.17 (0.10, 0.54) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | 0.456 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 0.527 |
| 36 weeks | 0.18 (0.10, 0.51) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.47) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.33) | 0.234 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | 0.229 |
| Cord blood | 1.07 (0.39, 3.04) | 0.99 (0.34, 2.76) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.24) | 0.696 | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 0.855 |
| IL-2 (pg/mL) | 0.055* | 0.054* | ||||
| Baseline | 0.76 (0.16, 2.76) | 0.65 (0.15, 2.61) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.926 | 1.00 (0.82, 1.23) | 0.969 |
| 28 weeks | 0.73 (0.12, 2.63) | 0.50 (0.12, 2.01) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 0.159 | 1.17 (0.95, 1.45) | 0.135 |
| 36 weeks | 0.66 (0.13, 2.33) | 0.45 (0.12, 1.82) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 0.179 | 1.17 (0.94, 1.45) | 0.151 |
| Cord blood | 0.12 (0.12, 0.31) | 0.12 (0.12, 0.30) | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.444 | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.458 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL) | 0.154* | 0.159* | ||||
| Baseline | 1.70 (0.53, 6.14) | 1.66 (0.49, 4.89) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.27) | 0.476 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 0.530 |
| 28 weeks | 1.47 (0.47, 5.51) | 1.23 (0.38, 4.38) | 1.21 (1.01, 1.46) | 0.040 | 1.20 (0.99, 1.44) | 0.058 |
| 36 weeks | 1.37 (0.55, 5.22) | 1.26 (0.38, 4.18) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.38) | 0.152 | 1.13 (0.93, 1.36) | 0.217 |
| Cord blood | 1.51 (0.50, 3.53) | 1.39 (0.47, 3.70) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.19) | 0.797 | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) | 0.665 |
| IL-5 (pg/mL) | 0.446* | 0.476* | ||||
| Baseline | 0.42 (0.18, 0.98) | 0.39 (0.18, 0.96) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 0.726 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 0.500 |
| 28 weeks | 0.40 (0.18, 0.96) | 0.41 (0.18, 0.85) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.20) | 0.544 | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 0.409 |
| 36 weeks | 0.39 (0.18, 0.88) | 0.31 (0.18, 0.68) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) | 0.088 | 1.15 (0.99, 1.32) | 0.061 |
| Cord blood | 0.61 (0.31, 1.15) | 0.55 (0.31, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 0.806 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.19) | 0.736 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 0.857* | 0.823* | ||||
| Baseline | 1.18 (0.61, 2.18) | 1.14 (0.59, 2.07) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) | 0.773 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 0.738 |
| 28 weeks | 1.12 (0.63, 2.06) | 1.11 (0.63, 2.03) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.403 | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | 0.396 |
| 36 weeks | 1.33 (0.76, 2.38) | 1.26 (0.78, 2.15) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.911 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.886 |
| Cord blood | 4.46 (1.86, 13.86) | 4.32 (1.67, 14.10) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.943 | 1.00 (0.87, 1.14) | 0.956 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL) | 0.183* | 0.198* | ||||
| Baseline | 7.36 (3.96, 12.06) | 7.26 (4.21, 12.22) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.497 | 0.96 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.482 |
| 28 weeks | 7.66 (4.42, 13.57) | 7.50 (3.76, 12.41) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.738 | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 0.451 |
| 36 weeks | 7.95 (4.70, 12.86) | 7.29 (4.23, 12.07) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 0.061 | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 0.073 |
| Cord blood | 58.93 (28.11, 131.39) | 58.25 (29.89, 132.60) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.15) | 0.953 | 0.99 (0.88, 1.12) | 0.872 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | 0.721* | 0.742* | ||||
| Baseline | 2.45 (1.65, 3.98) | 2.42 (1.68, 4.02) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.573 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.683 |
| 28 weeks | 2.41 (1.60, 3.98) | 2.32 (1.59, 3.75) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.664 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.670 |
| 36 weeks | 2.39 (1.63, 3.94) | 2.36 (1.60, 3.74) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.709 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 0.725 |
| Cord blood | 4.16 (2.68, 6.50) | 4.20 (2.59, 6.83) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.544 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.501 |
aAdjustment for centre, parity, BMI category (stratification variables), Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage quintile, smoking status, and maternal age at consent
*P value for test of interaction between treatment group and time
Descriptives are median (interquartile range) and estimates are ratios of geometric means (Intervention/Control) with 95% confidence interval
GMCSF granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, IFN-γ interferon gamma, TNF-α tumour necrosis factor alpha, IL interleukin