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. 2017 Feb 14;7:42473. doi: 10.1038/srep42473

Figure 1. IV-induced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are increased upon super-infection with S. aureus.

Figure 1

Calu-3 cells were infected with IV H1N1(M) (MOI 5) for 0.5 h and super-infected with S. aureus 6850 (MOI 50). In 8 h incubations, extracellular bacteria were removed by gentamicin treatment 3 h post bacterial infection. Levels of IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, CCL3, CCL5 and CXCL8 mRNA were measured in duplicates at 2.5 h, 4 h and 8 h p.i. One representative line graph (mean ± SD) over time is depicted to show n-fold induction over mock-infected cells (a–c,g–i). For 8 h p.i. means ± SD of three independent experiments are shown. Each symbol represents an individual value. Levels of IV-infected samples were arbitrarily set as 100% (d–f,j–l). After normalisation, two-tailed unpaired t-tests were performed for comparison of IV H1N1(M)-infected and IV H1N1(M)/S. aureus 6850 super-infected samples at 8 h p.i. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).