Inclusion criteria Males aged ≥45 years or females aged ≥55 years (age-related CVD risk factor); At least one additional CVD risk factor from the following: – cigarette smoking or regular exposure to passive smoke (that is, living with a smoker); – hypertension (systolic blood pressure of ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of ≥90 mmHg, or taking antihypertensives); – Low high-density lipoproteins (<1.0 mmol/L), high low-density lipoproteins (>3.3 mmol/L), high triglycerides (>1.7 mmol/L), or taking lipid-lowering medication; – family history of premature coronary heart disease (first-degree male relative aged <55 years, first-degree female relative aged <65 years); – elevated waist circumference (≥102 cm in non-Asian males, ≥90 cm in Asian males, ≥88 cm in non-Asian females, ≥80 cm in Asian females); – BMI of >25; Willingness to participate in the study. Exclusion criteria Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2); Known coronary heart disease, including history of myocardial infarction, angina (stable or unstable), coronary artery procedures (coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention), or evidence of clinically significant myocardial ischaemia; Known cerebrovascular disease (for example, history of transient ischaemic attack or stroke); Known peripheral arterial disease; Known non-coronary forms of atherosclerotic disease (for example, abdominal aortic aneurysm); Serious or unstable medical or psychological conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator or patient’s GP, would compromise the patient’s safety or successful participation in the study; Current or recent (preceding 4 months) participation in a clinical research trial (this does not apply to participation in non-interventional research); Patient who is unwilling or unable to provide informed consent.

BMI = body mass index. CVD = cardiovascular disease.