Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects.
| Variable | NGR group (n = 88) |
IGR group (n = 90) |
T2DM group (n = 93) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 62.83 ± 8.57 | 62.38 ± 9.02 | 63.81 ± 8.69 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.40 ± 20.76 | 141.80 ± 19.54 | 147.62 ± 21.06a |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.06 ± 13.61 | 80.9 ± 12.43 | 80.97 ± 12.93 |
| Pulse rates (beats/min) | 87 ± 13 | 88 ± 13 | 87 ± 11 |
| Height (cm) | 153.10 ± 5.50 | 154.03 ± 6.28 | 153.71 ± 6.23 |
| Weight (kg) | 57.24 ± 9.25 | 60.36 ± 10.41a | 60.80 ± 8.59a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.40 ± 3.56 | 25.38 ± 3.67 | 25.70 ± 3.06a |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 77.33 ± 9.16 | 79.84 ± 9.38 | 81.95 ± 8.86a |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 91.98 ± 7.78 | 92.53 ± 8.99 | 93.51 ± 7.84 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.86 ± 0.06a | 0.88 ± 0.06a |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 37.34 ± 3.66 | 37.69 ± 4.11 | 37.81 ± 3.84 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.0 (17.0–22.8) | 28.0 (21.0–41.3)a | 27.0 (17.5–42.0)a |
| AST (U/L) | 28.0 (24.0–35.5) | 30.0 (23.8–34.0) | 26.0 (21.0–34.5) |
| ALP (U/L) | 77.0 (64.8–92.8) | 82.0 (65.8–96.5) | 82.0 (70.0–96.0) |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.76 (4.03–5.81) | 4.67 (3.82–5.41) | 5.03 (4.02–5.98) |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 62.0 (69.0–77.0) | 70.0 (61.8–77.0) | 67.0 (60.0–78.0) |
| URCA (μmol/L) | 282.0 (243.8–334.0) | 316.5 (283.8–376.5)a | 312.0 (263.5–363.5)a |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.38 ± 1.13 | 5.62 ± 1.14 | 5.81 ± 1.52a |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 1.34 (1.08–1.85)a | 1.40 (1.05–1.93)a |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.58 (1.38–1.91) | 1.47 (1.32–1.73) | 1.41 (1.26–1.63)a |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.94 (2.64–3.48) | 3.24 (2.81–3.75) | 3.22 (2.71–3.70) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.60 (4.18–4.90) | 5.19 (4.99–5.89)a | 6.16 (6.89–8.98)a, b |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 5.62 (4.82–6.22) | 8.52 (7.98–9.53)a | 13.46 (11.61–16.77)a, b |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 (5.4–5.7) | 6.0 (5.6–6.3)a | 7.4 (6.1–8.0)a, b |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 8.00 (4.94–11.18) | 11.55 (7.25–15.48)a | 10.99 (7.39–15.34)a |
| HOMA-IR index | 1.54 (1.02–2.22) | 2.39 (1.80–3.78)a | 3.48 (2.33–5.06)a, b |
| HOMA-B | 155.60 (86.03–253.09) | 126.30 (76.02–222.09) | 64.27 (40.22–107.40)a, b |
| QUICKI | 0.362 ± 0.032 | 0.334 ± 0.034a | 0.319 ± 0.027a, b |
| Lumbar BMD (mg/cm2) | 0.866 ± 0.173 | 0.903 ± 0.168 | 0.937 ± 0.146a |
| Femoral neck BMD (mg/cm2) | 1.006 ± 0.174 | 1.053 ± 0.186 | 1.074 ± 0.155a |
| Serum OPG (pg/mL) | 151.00 ± 45.72 | 169.28 ± 64.91a | 183.20 ± 56.53a |
| eGFR | 81.98 ± 17.61 | 80.96 ± 18.84 | 81.72 ± 18.47 |
| Smoking history (%) | 1 (1.14) | 2 (2.22) | 2 (2.15) |
| Alcohol intake (%) | 3 (3.41) | 3 (3.33) | 2 (2.15) |
| Calcium and vitamin D supplements (%) | 3 (3.41) | 5 (5.56) | 4 (4.30) |
Data are presented as means ± SD or median (25th–75th percentile). ap < 0.05 versus NGT group; bp < 0.05 versus IGR group.
2hPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimate glomerular filtration rate; FINS, fasting insulin; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-B, homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance; IGR, impaired glucose regulation; LDL-C, low-density lipoproteincholesterol; NGR, normal glucose regulation; OPG, osteoprotegerin; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; T2DM, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; URCA, blood uric acid.