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Mechanisms of the effect of indoxyl sulfate on neovascularization in patients with kidney disease (AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; ARNT, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; EPC, endothelial progenitor cell; IS, indoxyl sulfate, NOS, nitric oxide synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; HIF, hypoxic induced factor; IL-10, interleukin-10; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor).
