Figure 3.
Factors influencing an ideal tubular scaffold.
(1) SEM of a synthetic scaffold;30 (2) various SEM of materials and porous scaffolds;82 (3) porogen to induce homogenous honeycomb-structured pores (Everett et al.90); (4) 3D rendering of epidermal growth factor;112 (5) modulating surface wettability; measurements of water contact angle; (6) fluorescence image of adipose-derived stem cells;51 (7) SEM of bronchial epithelial cells; (8) skin epithelial cells transdifferentiation;100 (9) epithelial cell sheets;113 (10) bioreactor;114 (11) organoid (Maemura et al.1); and (12) air–liquid interface.47