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. 2017 Feb 8;12:541–550. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S119443

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© 2017 Baines et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited

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Gene expression of the IL-1 pathway signaling members (A) IRAK2, (B) IRAK3, (C) PELI1 and receptor (D) IL1R1 were elevated in participants with frequent exacerbations, whereas the decoy receptor (E) IL1R2 and antagonist (F) IL1RN were not significantly different.

Notes: Data are presented as medians (bar) and the upper quartile (Q3; error bar). * P<0.05 versus the nonfrequent exacerbator group; ^# P<0.05 versus the nonfrequent exacerbator group with COPD; and ^{^} P<0.05 versus the nonfrequent exacerbator group with asthma.

Abbreviation: IL, interleukin.