Table 1. Characteristics of male individuals.
| Characteristic | Tertiles of mid-arm muscle circumference (cm) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1(18<27.3cm) | T2(27.3<29.6cm) | T3(29.6≤40.0cm) | total | P value | |
| n = 1,169 | n = 1,125 | n = 1,079 | n = 3,373 | ||
| Continuous variables | |||||
| Mid-arm muscle circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 25.6(1.6) | 28.6(0.7) | 31.7(1.6) | 28.5(2.8) | <0.001 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 66.4(13.6) | 59.4(12.8) | 54.9(11.1) | 60.4(13.4) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.2(3.3) | 26.9(3.2) | 30.3(4.1) | 27.0(4.3) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 93.0(10.3) | 98.5(9.8) | 105.4(11.3) | 98.8(11.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 136.4(23.5) | 133.0(21.1) | 132.5(18.4) | 134.0(21.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 74.4(12.8) | 76.9(11.7) | 79.6(11.4) | 76.9(12.2) | <0.001 |
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 209.8(43.1) | 213.2(41.9) | 215.6(41.4) | 212.8(42.2) | 0.005 |
| HDL (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 49.1(15.7) | 45.6(13.7) | 43.8(13.4) | 46.2(14.5) | <0.001 |
| Serum glucose, mean (SD) | 105.1(36.2) | 108.3(44.2) | 109.0(41.7) | 107.4(40.8) | 0.046 |
| C-reactive protein, mean (SD) | 0.5(1.0) | 0.5(0.8) | 0.4(0.6) | 0.5(0.8) | 0.003 |
| Serum uric acid, mean (SD) | 5.8(1.4) | 6.1(1.4) | 6.4(1.3) | 6.1(1.4) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L), mean (SD) | 23.0(14.0) | 23.3(15.7) | 24.6(12.9) | 23.6(14.3) | 0.019 |
| Serum total bilirubin, mean (SD) | 0.7(0.3) | 0.7(0.3) | 0.7(0.3) | 0.7(0.3) | 0.463 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL), mean (SD) | 4.1(0.4) | 4.2(0.3) | 4.2(0.3) | 4.2(0.4) | <0.001 |
| Categorical variables | |||||
| Non-Hispanic white, n (%) | 661(56.5) | 575(51.1) | 445(41.2) | 1,681(49.8) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 107(9.2) | 117(10.4) | 125(11.6) | 349(10.3) | 0.121 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 72(6.2) | 47(4.2) | 28(2.6) | 147(4.4) | 0.001 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 68(5.8) | 48(4.3) | 26(2.4) | 142(4.2) | 0.001 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 75(6.4) | 56(5.0) | 44(4.1) | 175(5.2) | 0.117 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 330(28.2) | 356(31.6) | 316(29.3) | 1002(29.7) | 0.189 |
| Depression, n (%) | 57(4.9) | 51(4.5) | 47(4.4) | 155(4.6) | 0.884 |
| Cognitive impairment, N (%) | 42(26.9) | 51(19.9) | 60(17.2) | 153(20.1) | 0.042 |
| Marital status, N (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Married, N (%) | 820(69.3) | 845(75.1) | 831(77.0) | 2,486(73.7) | |
| Widowed, N (%) | 22(1.9) | 29(2.6) | 17(1.6) | 68(2.0) | |
| Divorced, N (%) | 13(1.1) | 28(2.5) | 31(2.9) | 72(2.1) | |
| Separated, N (%) | 133(11.4) | 60(5.3) | 43(4.0) | 236(7.0) | |
| Never married, N (%) | 83(7.1) | 89(7.9) | 75(7.0) | 247(7.3) | |
| Living with partner, N (%) | 30(2.6) | 23(2.0) | 31(2.9) | 84(2.5) | |
| Number of prescription medications taken, N (%) | 0.153 | ||||
| <5 | 548(88.1) | 491(90.6) | 477(91.4) | 1516(89.9) | |
| > = 5 | 74(11.9) | 51(9.4) | 45(8.6) | 170(10.1) | |
HDL, High-density lipoprotein; AST, aspartate aminotransferases; SD, standard deviation.