Table 3.
Multivariable Analyses of Sex Differences in Secondary Outcomes Among U.S. Academic Cardiologists
| Associate & Full Professor (vs. Assistant)* | Full Professor (vs. Associate)† | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No./ Total (%) of Professors | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)‡ | P-Value | No./ Total (%) of Professors | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)‡ | P-Value | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 1693 / 3180 (53.2) | 1.00 | — | 973 / 1693 (57.5) | 1.00 | — |
| Women | 251 / 630 (39.8) | 1.07 (0.8, 1.5) | 0.67 | 100 / 251 (39.8) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.94) | 0.03 |
| Age | ||||||
| Age <50 | 348 / 1605 (21.7) | 1.00 | — | 51 / 348 (14.7) | 1.00 | — |
| Age 50–54 | 348 / 537 (64.8) | 1.72 (1.2, 2.5) | 0.005 | 146 / 348 (42.0) | 3.74 (2.2, 6.4) | <0.001 |
| Age 55–59 | 342 / 483 (70.8) | 0.88 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.62 | 217 / 342 (63.5) | 6.10 (3.2, 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Age 60–64 | 341 / 464 (73.5) | 0.37 (0.20, 0.7) | 0.001 | 242 / 341 (71.0) | 5.05 (2.3, 10.9) | <0.001 |
| Age 65+ | 498 / 607 (82.0) | 0.15 (0.07, 0.33) | <0.001 | 375 / 498 (75.3) | 2.33 (0.9, 6.2) | 0.09 |
| Sub-Specialty‡ | ||||||
| Non-Invasive | 1323 / 2598 (50.9) | 1.00 | — | 772 / 1323 (58.4) | 1.00 | — |
| Electrophysiology | 264 / 497 (53.1) | 1.94 (1.4, 2.7) | <0.001 | 125 / 264 (47.3) | 1.44 (0.96, 2.2) | 0.08 |
| Interventional | 357 / 715 (49.9) | 1.25 (0.95, 1.7) | 0.11 | 176 / 357 (49.3) | 1.38 (0.96, 2.0) | 0.09 |
| Years Since Residency (per 1 yr) | 1.25 (1.21, 1.29) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.1, 1.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Publication (per 1 pub)§ | ||||||
| Total | 1.04 (1.03,1.05) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01,1.02) | <0.001 | ||
| First/Last Author | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.18 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.32 | ||
| NIH Grant|| | ||||||
| None | 1611 / 3411 (47.2) | 1.00 | — | 827 / 1611 (51.3) | 1.00 | — |
| At least one | 333 / 399 (83.5) | 1.09 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.73 | 246 / 333 (73.9) | 1.76 (1.1, 2.7) | 0.01 |
| Clinical Trial Investigator | ||||||
| None | 1621 / 3400 (47.7) | 1.00 | — | 871 / 1621 (53.7) | 1.00 | — |
| At least one | 323 / 410 (78.8) | 2.64 (1.8, 3.9) | <0.001 | 202 / 323 (62.5) | 1.66 (1.1, 2.5) | 0.01 |
| Top 20 Med School Faculty | ||||||
| No | 1236 / 2440 (50.7) | 1.00 | — | 673 / 1236 (54.4) | 1.00 | — |
| Yes | 658 / 1248 (52.7) | 1.41 (0.2, 10.2) | 0.73 | 364 / 658 (55.3) | 0.35 (0.04, 3.2) | 0.35 |
| 2013 Medicare Payment (per $10,000) | 0.11 (0.03, 0.35) | <0.001 | 0.08 (0.01, 0.5) | 0.009 | ||
Abbreviation: NIH, National Institutes of Health
Factors associated with associate or full professorship among faculty of all ranks.
Factors associated with full professorship among faculty at the associate or full professor rank.
Each model estimated the association between faculty rank and physician sex, adjusted for age, years since residency, cardiology sub-specialty (e.g. non-invasive vs. electrophysiology vs. interventional cardiology), publications (total, first and last author), whether a physician was ever principal investigator on an NIH grant, whether a physician had conducted a clinical trial, whether a physician was faculty at a top 20 US medical school in terms of US News & World Report 2013 medical school research ranking,15 each physician’s annual Medicare revenue in 2013, and medical school-level fixed effects.
Sub-specialty classification was based on ABIM sub-specialty board certification.
The reported association between faculty rank and publication count reflects the marginal effect of an additional publication on the probability of a given faculty rank.
NIH grant information was obtained from the NIH RePORT grants database. Clinical trial information was obtained from ClinicalTrials.gov database.