A schematic diagram illustrating the possible interplay between the EGFR and CK2 signaling pathways that regulate GBM cell proliferation. An attached āPā indicates phosphorylation. PD-L1 - programmed death-ligand 1, EGFR - epidermal growth factor receptor, heat shock protein 90 - Hsp90, Cdc37 - co-chaperone of Hsp90, Akt - a serine/threonine protein kinase, CK2 - protein kinase CK2, NICD - intracellular domain of the Notch receptor, PTEN - tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, Gli1 - glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (zinc finger protein). Nestin and c-Myc are cancer stem cell markers important for glioma invasion. Catenins are cell-cell adhesion proteins; Ī²-catenin also regulates transcription and is part of the Wnt signaling pathway that regulates cell proliferation and migration.