Table 1. Literature review of craniofacial intraosseous hemangioma.

	Author	Age/Sex	Side, size	Duration	Pain	Ocular findings	H/o Trauma	Imaging	Management	Surgical approach	Reconstruction	Bleeding	Follow-up, Recurrence
1	Schofield (1950)22	1/M	R, 1 cm	3 mo	N	?	N	X-ray: bone mass with displacement of orbital floor	Excision	Infraorbital	Not required	?	?
2	Sherman and Wilner (1961)23	46/F	L, 2.5 cm	2 y	N	?	?	X-ray: lytic lesion, sunray	Excision	?	?	?	?
3	Walker and McHenry (1965)17	40/F	L, 1.5 cm	4 y	Y	?	N	X-ray: radiotranslucent with trabeculated appearance	Excision	Lower lateral orbital rim	Not required	?	No recurrence
4	Walker and McHenry (1965)17	10/F	L, 1.5 cm	5 mo	Y	N	Y, 6–8 wk prior to presentation	X-ray: irregularity with bony spicules radiating outward	Excision	Lower lateral orbital rim	Not required	?	No recurrence
5	Davis and Morgan (1974)24	47/F	L, 2 cm	2 y	Y	?	?	X-ray: reticulated internal pattern; carotid arteriogram with tumor “blush”	Ligation of left ECA, excision	Infraorbital	Autogenous rib graft 6 mo after excision	?	?
6	Brackup et al (1980)25	46/F	R, 1 cm	2 mo	Y	N	N	X-ray: honeycomb, sunray; T99 scan: increased nucleotide concentration	Excision	Orbital floor fracture approach	Not required	Y, during excision	?
7	Marshak (1980)2	53/F	R, 2 × 2.5 cm	1.5 y	Y	?	h/o Caldwell-Luc for chronic suppurative sinusitis 21 y prior	X-ray: reticulated honeycomb	Excision	Lower blepharoplasty	Filled with pedicled infratemporal fatty tissue	?	2 y, no recurrence
8	Marshak (1980)2	35/F	L, 2 cm	1 y	Y	Y, Superior displacement of globe	N	X-ray: reticulated, internal pattern	Excision	Lower blepharoplasty	Filled with pedicled infratemporal fatty tissue	Y, during excision	20 mo, no recurrence
9	Schmidt (1982)26	43/F	R, 5 × 7 mm	?	N	?	Y	X-ray: sunburst	Excision	Lower blepharoplasty	Layer of Surgicel	N	No recurrence
10	Har-El et al (1986)27	60/M	R, 4 cm	2 y	Y	?	N	X-ray: tumor in the maxillary sinus; CT: mass originates in zygomatic bone	Caldwell-Luc	Infraorbital	Not required	?	?
11	Har-El et al (1987)28	43/F	L, 1.5 × 1.5 cm	2 y	N	?	N	X-ray: irregular reticular internal pattern	Excision	Infraorbital	Silicone layer in pentagon shape	N	10 y, no recurrence
12	Har-El et al (1987)28	58/M	R, 2 × 2 cm	3 mo	N	Y, upward displacement of orbital floor	N	X-ray: space-occupying lesion with upward displacement of orbital floor	Excision	Infraorbital	Silicone layer cut into shape of excised specimen	N	?
13	Warman and Myssiorek (1989)29	38/F	L, 3.5 × 2 cm	4 mo	Y	?	N	X-ray: inconclusive; CT: well-circumscribed, fibrous dysplasia; MRI: isointense T1, hyperintense on T2	En bloc excision	?	Iliac crest bone graft	Y, during biopsy	1 y, no recurrence
14	Jeter et al (1990)30	1 day old/M	L, 1 cm	?	Y	N	N/A	X-ray: poorly defined loss of cortex	Ligated and divided left ECA; excision	Weber-Fergusson via cleft lip	Not required	N	6 y, no recurrence
15	Jeter et al (1990)30	50/F	L, 1.5 cm	1 y	N	?	N	X-ray: radiolucent lesion; ECA and ICA angiograms	Complete resection	Subciliary	Iliac crest bone graft	?	4 y, no recurrence
16	Nishimura et al (1990)31	69/M	L, ?	5 y	?	Y, ptosis	?	CT: expansive soft-tissue density; MRI: T1 low signal intensity and T2 high signal intensity; selective common carotid angiography	Preoperative embolization; Complete resection	Hemi-coronal with preauricular extension	Vascularized outer-table calvarial bone flap	N	4 wk, no recurrence
17	Clauser et al (1991)32	56/F	R, 3 cm	4 y	N	?	?	CT; right ECA arteriogram	Complete resection	Bicoronal and subciliary	Split calvarial bone graft	N	?
18	Clauser et al (1991)32	35/F	L, 2.5 cm	1 y	Y	?	?	CT; left ECA arteriogram	Complete resection	Bicoronal and subciliary	Split thickness calvarial graft	?	?
19	Cuesta Gil and Navarro-Vila (1992)33	12/F	L, 4 × 5 cm	4 y	Y	Y, superior displacement of globe	N	X-ray: radiopaque, sunburst; left carotid arteriogram: tumor “blush”	Preoperative embolization; Complete resection	Coronal and infraorbital	Inner table of parietal bone	?	3 y, no recurrence
20	De Ponte et al (1995)34	60/M	R, ?	?	N	?	?	CT	Preoperative embolization; Radical excision	Hemicoronal and subciliary	2 calvarial grafts	N	?
21	De Ponte et al (1995)34	43/F	R, ?	?	?	?	?	CT	Preoperative embolization; Radical excision	?	Calvarial graft	N	?
22	Hirano et al (1997)35	42/F	R, 1.5 cm	16 mo	N	?	N	CT: radiolucent intraosseous tumor	Excision	?	Hydroxyapatite implant block	?	4 y, no recurrence
23	Hirano et al (1997)35	46/M	R, 1.5 cm	1 y	N	?	N	CT: low-density tumor without invasion	Excision	?	Hydroxyapatite implant block	?	8 mo, no recurrence
24	Pinna 199715	56/F	R, ?	4 y	N	N	?	CT: honeycomb; right ECA angiography negative	Complete resection	?	Full-thickness calvarial graft	?	?
25	Pinna et al (1997)15	35/F	L, ?	1 y	Y	?	?	X-ray: radiolucent lesion; CT: sunburst; Left ECA angiography negative	Complete resection	Coronal and subciliary	Partial-thickness calvarial graft	?	?
26	Savastano et al (1997)36	41/F	R, 3 × 1 cm	12 y	Y	?	N	CT: mixed density mass	Complete resection	Hemicoronal and subciliary	Calvarial flap pedicled on temporalis fascia	Y, during resection	8 mo, no recurrence
27	Kiratli and Orhan (1998)37	36/M	R, 1.5 × 1 cm	10 y	N	N	N	CT: lytic lesion in maxilla; MRI: 3 y after CT, 3 lesions, one in right zygoma	Refused	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
28	Konior et al (1999)12	45/F	R, 2 cm	6 mo	?	N	?	X-ray: radiolucent; bone scan: increased radionucleotide uptake; CT: suggestive of fibrous dysplasia	Complete resection	Sublabial-subciliary approach	Split calvarial bone graft	Y, during biopsy	6 mo, no recurrence
29	Moore et al (2001)3	31/F	L, 2.5 cm	3 mo	N	Y, progressive dystopia	N	CT: spoke-wheel appearance; MRI: high T2 signal intensity; arteriogram: cluster of grapes	Preoperative embolization; Incisional biopsy; En bloc resection	Subciliary	Medpor for zygoma, titanium mesh for orbital floor; Alloderm patch for maxillary sinus	Y, during biopsy	?
30	Sary et al (2001)38	46/M	R, 1.5 × 1.5 cm	5 y	?	?	?	CT: varying bony and soft-tissue densities	Complete resection	Subciliary	Porous polyethylene block was carved to fit into defect	?	2 y, no recurrence
31	Koybasi et al (2003)8	33/F	R, 2 × 1 cm	2 mo	N	?	?	CT: hypointense intraosseous mass, honeycomb	Complete resection	?	Hydroxyapatite material	N	1.5 y, no recurrence
32	Leibovitch et al (2003)39	47/F	R, ?	2 y	N	?	?	CT: honeycomb	En bloc resection	Temporal skin incision	?	Y, during resection	2 y, no recurrence
33	Taylan et al (2003)14	30/M	L, 2 × 1 cm	3 mo	N	?	N	CT: spongy bony appearance with lobulation	Partial resection	Subciliary and gingivobuccal	Not required	?	No recurrence
34	Ramchandani et al (2004)20	38/F	L, 4 cm	?	N	Y, orbital floor fracture	Y, 2 y prior	X-ray: radiopaque; CT: trabeculated mass, orbital floor fracture	Incisional biopsy	Hemicoronal	Pedicled calvarial flap	Y, during biopsy	?
35	Yan et al (2005)40	46/F	L, 2 × 2 × 1.5 cm	2 y	?	N	?	CT: high-density mass with clear boundary	Excision	Anterior orbitotomy	Not required	?	2 y, no recurrence
36	Yan et al (2005)40	50/F	R, 2 × 2 × 1.5 cm	6 mo	?	N	?	CT: bony thickening	Excision	Lower lateral orbital rim	Not required	?	6 mo, no recurrence
37	Cheng et al (2006)7	50/F	R, 1.4 × 1.2 cm	?	N	N	?	?	Partial resection with local recurrence; complete resection after 3 y	?	?	?	6 mo, recurrence
38	Riveros et al (2006)41	72/F	L, ?	?	N	Y, intraocular mass during routine eye exam, proptosis, superior and inferior restriction of eye motility	N	MRI; CT	Orbitotomy with incisional biopsy; surveillance	?	N/A	?	N/A
39	Zins et al (2006)42	36/F	L, 2.5 × 2.5 cm	?	?	?	?	CT: salt and pepper appearance	Complete resection	Coronal, subciliary, intraoral	Full-thickness left parietal bone	?	6 y, no recurrence
40	Gómez et al (2008)13	35/F	R, 4 cm	3 y	N	N	?	CT: well-defined, hypodense, reticular pattern, honeycomb, soap bubble	En bloc resection	Sublabial-subciliary approach and bicoronal flap	Outer table calvarial bone graft; pediculated temporoparietal galea-pericranium flap; Bichat fatty ball flap to isolate maxillary sinus	Y, during biopsy	1 y, no recurrence
41	Valentini et al (2008)43	57/M	L, ?	?	Y	?	N	CT: lytic lesion	Incisional biopsy; complete resection	Semicoronal, lower eyelid	Right 5th rib	?	?
42	Arribas-Garcia et al (2009)19	42/F	L, 3 cm	“several years”	N	?	?	CT: expansile and lytic lesion; repeat CT; MRI	Surveillance for 5 years; Complete resection	Intraoral and coronal	Alloplastic prosthesis	?	1 y, no recurrence
43	Madge et al (2009)44	49/F	R, ?	1.5 y	Y	N	?	MRI: enhanced contrast; CT	Excision	Transconjunctival swinging eyelid	Not required	N	?
44	Srinivasan et al (2009)9	66/F	R, 3 × 3 cm	4 y	N	N	N	CT: radiating spoke wheel	Excision	?	Not required	N	2.5 y, no recurrence
45	Defazio et al (2012)10	58/F	R, 1 × 1.5 cm	2 y	N	N	Y	CT: sunburst; MRI: T2 with high signal intensity	Incisional biopsy; Surveillance	?	Not required	?	?
46	Defazio et al (2012)10	53/F	R, 1 × 1.8 cm	?	Y	?	N	CT and MRI consistent with dx of intraosseous venous malformation	Initial incisional biopsy non-diagnostic; Surveillance; Complete resection 2 y later	?	Split calvarial bone graft	?	?
47	Defazio et al (2012)10	49/M	R, 1 cm	6 mo	N	N	N	CT: honeycomb	Complete resection	?	Bone harvested from zygomatic buttress	?	?
48	Dhupar et al (2012)45	34/F	L, 4 × 3 × 2 cm	7 y	Y	?	Y, 7 y prior to presentation	X-ray: honeycomb; CT: mixed density lesion	Incisional biopsy; complete resection	Lateral canthotomy	Not required	Y, during biopsy	?
49	Marcinow et al (2012)46	47/M	L, 2 × 2.5 cm	6 mo	Y	N	N	CT: ground-glass	Complete resection	Sublabial and transconjunctival	?	?	?
50	Present case	15/M	R, 3.8 × 2.6 × 2.6 cm	3 mo	N	N	N	CT; MRI; arteriograms	Incisional biopsy; en bloc resection	Transconjunctival and intraoral	Custom-fabricated polyether-ether ketone implant	N	1 y, no recurrence

Abbreviations: ?, unknown; CT, computed tomography; ECA, -----; F, female; M, male; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; mo, month; N, no; wk, week; Y, yes; y, year.