Table 1.
Description of annual total Medicare expenditures in study population
| Characteristic | N | Median | IQR | Percent in top quartile |
Percent hospitalized |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects | 5,771 | $4,354 | ($1,438–$13,799) | 25.0 | 40.7 |
| Agecategories | |||||
| 65–69 | 1,433 | $2,593 | ($869–$8,998) | 17.3 | 30.4 |
| 70–74 | 1,495 | $3,563 | ($1,280–$10,404) | 19.9 | 36.2 |
| 75–79 | 1,175 | $4,772 | ($1,678–$14,547) | 26.1 | 42.4 |
| 80–84 | 834 | $5,650 | ($1,894–$16,319) | 28.9 | 46.4 |
| ≥85 | 834 | $10,565 | ($2,957–$26,182) | 41.7 | 58.3 |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 2,414 | $4,245 | ($1,179–$14,101) | 25.4 | 41.0 |
| Female | 3,357 | $4,427 | ($1,594–$13,659) | 24.7 | 40.5 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 4,701 | $4,192 | ($1,435–$13,094) | 23.8 | 40.3 |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 635 | $4,812 | ($1,392–$18,654) | 29.5 | 42.7 |
| Hispanic | 345 | $7,382 | ($1,758–$22,991) | 35.9 | 42.0 |
| Other | 90 | $3,633 | ($1,051–$9,931) | 15.6 | 40.0 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 3,317 | $3,660 | ($1,294–$11,510) | 21.8 | 37.1 |
| Divorced | 581 | $5,865 | ($1,561–$17,901) | 28.6 | 44.2 |
| Widowed | 1,731 | $5,851 | ($1,735–$18,193) | 30.3 | 46.6 |
| Never married | 142 | $3,725 | ($1,205–$11,409) | 21.1 | 38.0 |
| Education, y | |||||
| <9 | 662 | $7,379 | ($2,027–$22,991) | 35.4 | 48.6 |
| 9-11 | 753 | $5,497 | ($1,615–$17,823) | 29.0 | 48.3 |
| 12 | 2,021 | $4,150 | ($1,427–$13,621) | 24.3 | 40.8 |
| 13–15 | 1,122 | $3,578 | ($1,289–$11,275) | 21.0 | 35.8 |
| 16 | 559 | $4,001 | ($1,399–$12,446) | 23.4 | 37.2 |
| ≥17 | 654 | $3,427 | ($1,371–$10,849) | 20.2 | 34.6 |
| Income as % of federal poverty level | |||||
| <100% | 486 | $8,150 | ($1,973–$25,101) | 38.9 | 49.0 |
| 100%–199% | 1,147 | $5,655 | ($1,634–$19,083) | 30.5 | 48.2 |
| 200%–299% | 1,069 | $4,552 | ($1,548–$13,319) | 24.1 | 40.5 |
| ≥300% | 3,069 | $3,563 | ($1,270–$11,437) | 21.0 | 36.6 |
| Self-rated Poor Health | |||||
| No | 3,918 | $3,005 | ($1,117–$9,472) | 17.7 | 33.7 |
| Yes | 1,853 | $9,331 | ($3,240–$25,870) | 40.4 | 55.3 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoked | 2,498 | $3,867 | ($1,380–$11,598) | 21.2 | 37.1 |
| Former smoker | 2,728 | $4,918 | ($1,592–$15,935) | 27.8 | 43.2 |
| Current smoker | 545 | $4,164 | ($1,083–$15,954) | 28.1 | 44.6 |
| Alcohol use | |||||
| None | 4,088 | $4,792 | ($1,530–$15,523) | 27.5 | 42.7 |
| Moderate | 1,416 | $3,436 | ($1,312–$9,833) | 18.4 | 35.2 |
| Heavy | 267 | $3,860 | ($1,041–$11,457) | 22.1 | 39.0 |
| Body mass index | |||||
| Missing | 51 | $8,948 | ($3,026–$23,208) | 39.2 | 43.1 |
| Underweight | 110 | $11,725 | ($2,995–$27,274) | 44.6 | 55.5 |
| Normal/overweight | 4,062 | $4,146 | ($1,392–$13,311) | 24.3 | 40.6 |
| Obese | 1,548 | $4,519 | ($1,521–$13,796) | 24.9 | 39.8 |
| Vigorous exercise | |||||
| No | 4,625 | $4,849 | ($1,555–$15,537) | 27.3 | 43.1 |
| Yes | 1,146 | $3,002 | ($1,064–$8,478) | 15.6 | 30.6 |
| Proxy respondent | |||||
| Yes | 259 | $12,878 | ($3,395–$36,538) | 24.0 | 39.8 |
| No | 5,512 | $4,174 | ($1,414–$13,163) | 46.7 | 59.9 |
|
Dual-Medicaid enrolled |
|||||
| No | 5,225 | $4,064 | ($1,385–$12,757) | 23.3 | 39.5 |
| Yes | 546 | $9,570 | ($2,619–$26,112) | 41.4 | 51.8 |