Figure 5. Heart rate, felt arousal and perceived exertion during exercise for placebo (white fill) caffeine (black fill) and NDRI (gray fill).

(Panel a) – Heart rate across the 180 minute exercise protocol in experimental treatments. (Panel b) – Felt arousal across the 180 minute exercise protocol. Significance labelling represents a significant posthoc comparison between placebo versus caffeine and NDRI at the 165 minute time point through exercise. (Panel c) – Perceived exertion across the 180 minute exercise protocol. Standard error for each point is not depicted here to improve the clarity of the figure. *<0.05.