Table 2.
Rate of outcomes and incidence rate ratios, by financial barrier type
| Outcome | Adjusted incidence ratea (95% CI) (no. outcomes/year/1000 population) | Incidence rate ratio (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No financial barrier | Financial barrier | Crude | Fully adjusted | Reduced final | Final covariates | ||
| Home care (only >75 years) | N (%) | 23,397 (98.8) | 280 (1.2) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 60.2 (58.3-62.2) | 80.6 (59.8-101.5) | 1.43 (1.10-1.88) | 1.36 (1.05-1.76) | 1.34 (1.03-1.74) | Sex, MM | |
| Mortality | 59.6 (58.1-61.2) | 76.1 (60.5-91.7) | 1.26 (1.05-1.51) | 1.15 (0.93-1.42) | 1.28 (1.04-1.57) | Sex | |
| Medications | N (%) | 2782 (92.5) | 224 (7.5) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 26.0 (22.6-29.3) | 40.2 (24.4-56.1) | 1.24 (0.82-1.88) | 1.39 (0.92-2.12) | 1.55 (1.02-2.35) | Age, sex | |
| Mortality | 14.2 (11.0-17.3) | 6.7 (0.1-13.3) | 0.40 (0.15-1.07) | 0.39 (0.14-1.07) | 0.47 (0.18-1.27) | Age, sex | |
| Healthcare provider/test | N (%) | 101,040 (97.7) | 2383 (2.3) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 35.0 (34.3-35.7) | 43.3 (37.8-48.7) | 0.98 (0.86-1.11) | 1.08 (0.95-1.24) | 1.24 (1.09-1.40) | Age, sex | |
| Mortality | 20.8 (20.3-21.3) | 25.3 (21.9-28.7) | 0.83 (0.73-0.95) | 1.09 (0.93-1.26) | 1.22 (1.06-1.39) | Age, sex | |
| Healthful food | N (%) | 97,754 (91.1) | 9506 (8.9) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 35.5 (34.7-36.2) | 59.5 (56.0-63.0) | 1.25 (1.17-1.33) | 1.31 (1.22-1.41) | 1.68 (1.56-1.79) | Age, sex, MM | |
| Mortality | 6.6 (6.4-6.8) | 9.3 (8.6-9.9) | 1.08 (1.02-1.14) | 1.32 (1.23-1.42) | 1.41 (1.31-1.51) | Age, sex, MH, SM | |
| Health behaviour modification | N (%) | 18,142 (98.4) | 289 (1.6) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 35.4 (33.8-37.0) | 37.9 (24.1-51.6) | 0.84 (0.58-1.22) | 1.11 (0.77-1.60) | 1.07 (0.74-1.54) | Age, sex | |
| Mortality | 18.0 (16.5-19.5) | 15.5 (5.9-25.1) | 0.56 (0.30-1.02) | 0.89 (0.49-1.62) | 0.90 (0.49-1.63) | Age, sex | |
| Unmet need due to cost | N (%) | 70,826 (99.0) | 750 (1.0) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 34.6 (33.8-35.5) | 44.1 (35.0-53.1) | 1.15 (0.93-1.43) | 1.24 (0.97-1.58) | 1.27 (1.03-1.56) | Age, sex, MM | |
| Mortality | 23.2 (22.6-23.7) | 21.1 (16.6-25.6) | 0.69 (0.56-0.83) | 0.83 (0.64-1.06) | 0.90 (0.74-1.09) | Age, sex | |
| At least 1 financial barrier | N (%) | 110,123 (91.2) | 12,303 (10.2) | ||||
| DR-Hosp | 31.7 (31.1-32.3) | 43.1 (40.9-45.3) | 1.19 (1.13-1.27) | 1.23 (1.16-1.31) | 1.36 (1.29-1.44) | Age, sex, MM | |
| Mortality | 7.7 (7.5-7.9) | 9.6 (9.0-10.1) | 1.02 (0.97-1.07) | 1.09 (1.03-1.16) | 1.24 (1.16-1.32) | Age, sex, MH | |
DR-Hosp disease-related hospitalization
MH mental health comorbidity
MM multimorbidity
SM smoking
aAdjusted using the reduced models to the overall means/proportions of covariates