Table 3.
Quality of the included studies
| Author, year | Methods | Type of data | Data analysis | Primary outcome | Recruitment/data collection | Partici-pants | Critical appraisal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| clinical | adminis-trative | inter-view | (PwD) | checklist | “yes” | “not applicable” | ||||||
| COHORT STUDIES | ||||||||||||
| Adunsky et al., 2002 [10] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | ✔ | - | ° Pearson correlation test (age/gender/length of stay/type of fracture/dose of administered opiates) ° regression analysis |
✔ | 2 years/1998–2000 | 184 (50) | SIGN | 8/14 | 5/14 | |
| Feldt et al. 1998 [33] | prospective comparative survey | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ° chi square analysis ° Mann-Whitney test ° Student’s t-test ° multivariate regression analysis |
✔ | 9 months/Feb–Oct 1995 | 88 (53) | SIGN | 7/14 | 1/14 | |
| Feldt et al. 2000 [35] | prospective comparative survey | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | 9 months/Apr–Dec 1997 | 85 (40) | SIGN | 8/14 | 1/14 | ||
| Feldt & Gunderson 2002 [29] | secondary data analysis | ✔ | - | - | - | 18 months/Feb–Oct 1995; Apr–Dec 1997 | 173 (93) | SIGN | 8/14 | 3/14 | ||
| Grall 2010 [34] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | ✔ | - | ° descriptive statistics ° ANOVA-Test ° analysis of variance ° chi square analysis ° regression analysis |
✔ | 5 years/2005–2009 | 135 (72) | SIGN | 7/14 | 5/14 | |
| Jensen-Dahm et al. 2016 [22] | retrospective chart review | - | ✔ | - | ✔ | 1 year/2009 | 1507 (296) | SIGN | 6/14 | 5/14 | ||
| McDermott et al. 2014 [26] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | - | - | ° t-test or x^2 test | ✔ | 1 year/June 2011–June 2012 | 224 (64) | SIGN | 7/14 | 3/14 | |
| Morrison & Siu 2000 [12] | prospective chart review + interviews | ✔ | - | ✔ | ° t-test ° chi square analysis ° multivariate regression analysis |
✔ | 18 months/1 Sept 1996–1 Mar 1998 | 98 (38) | SIGN | 9/14 | 2/14 | |
| CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES | ||||||||||||
| Holdgate et al. 2010 [27] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | ✔ | - | ° means with standard deviations (normally distributed variables) ° medians and interquartile ranges (continuous variables) ° x^2 test (categorical variables) ° Kruskall-Wallis test (time variables not normally distributed) |
- | 1 year/June 2006–May 2007 | 646 (42) | NICE | 10/17 | 6/17 | |
| Hwang et al. 2006 [28] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | ✔ | - | ° log transformations ° bivariate Peason correlation test ° t-test ° chi square analysis ° logistic and linear regression models for multivariate analyses |
- | 1 year/Aug 1997–July 1998 | 158 (54) | NICE | 11/17 | 5/17 | |
| Mak et al. 2011 [31] | prospective chart review | ✔ | - | - | ° chi square analysis ° ANOVA test |
✔ | 1 year/Jan–Dec 2007 | 415 (154) | NICE | 11/17 | 6/17 | |
| Titler et al. 2003 [32] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | - | ✔ | ° intraclass correlations (continuous variables) ° kappa statistic (categorical data) ° tetrachoric correlation coefficients |
✔ | 1 year/ 1 Jan–31 Dec 1999 |
709 (185) | NICE | 11/17 | 6/17 | |
| CASE SERIES | ||||||||||||
| Ardery et al. 2003 [21] | retrospective chart review | ✔ | - | ✔ | ° not applicable | ✔ | 1 year/1 Jan–31 Dec 1999 | 8 (5) | JBI | 7/10 | 1/10 | |
| HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS´ SURVEYS | ||||||||||||
| Rantala & Kankkunen et al. 2012 [14] | descriptive questionaire | - | - | ✔ | ° Likert scale ° t-test analysis of variance ° Speaman’s correlation ° qualitative data and content analysis ° explanatory factor analysis via Varimax rotation ° Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure ° Bartlett test of sphericity ° four-factor solution |
N/A | 2 months/March–May 2011 | N/A | Green-halgh | 8/13 | 0/13 | |
| Rantala & Kankkunen et al. 2014 [23] | descriptive questionaire | N/A | 8/13 | 0/13 | ||||||||
| Rantala & Hartikainen et al. 2014 [25] | descriptive questionaire | - | - | ✔ | ° chi square analysis ° Mann-Whitney U test ° Kruskal-Wallis test ° qualitative content analysis |
N/A | 2 months/March–May 2011 | N/A | Green-halgh | 4/13 | 0/13 | |
| Rantala & Hartikainen et al. 2015 [24] | descriptive questionaire | ° logistic regression analysis (Wald Forward method) ° deviation analysis via odds ratio |
N/A | 8/13 | 0/13 | |||||||