Table 1.
Overview of prevalence studies of mood in SLE patients (N ≥ 60)
| Study ID | Country | Disease duration, mean ± SD/median (range) | Women, % | Sample size | Age, mean ± SD/median (range), years | Criteria for detection of anxiety (cutoff) | Anxiety prevalence, % | Criteria for detection of depression (cutoff) | Depression prevalence, % | NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdul-Sattar 2015 | Egypt | 10.0 ± 4.6 years | 95% | 80 | 30.9 ± 11.7 | CES-D (>16.7) | 43.75 | 2 | ||
| Appenzeller 2009 | Brazil | 64.5 ± 48.5 months | 94.6% | 167 | 32.1 ± 11.0 | 21 Item-BDI (≥10) | 20.9 | 2 | ||
| Bachen 2009 | USA | 15.4 ± 9.7 years | 100% | 326 | 47.9 ± 11.3 | DSM-IV | 64 | DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 42.4, dysthymic disorder: 2.9 | 5 |
| Bogdanovic 2015 | Serbia | 6.8 ± 2.9 years | 100% | 60 | 43.4 ± 12.8 | 21 Item-BDI (≥16/≥20/≥30) | 91.7/70/3.3 | 2 | ||
| Calderon 2014 | Chile | Median: 32.0 (0–243.0) months | 100% | 82 | Median: 36.0 (17.0–64.0) | HADS (≥8) | 37 | 2 | ||
| Cho 2014 | South Korea | NS | 90.1% | 201 | 41.3 ± 13.2 | CES-D (≥16) | 39.3 | 3 | ||
| Chin 1993 | Malaysia | 4.1 ± 3.5 years | 95% | 79 | 31.1 ± 9.1 | ICD-9 and DSM-III | 7.6 | ICD-9 and DSM-III | Major depressive disorder: 6.3, dysthymic disorder: 32.9 | 2 |
| Da Costa 2005 | Canada | 13.8 ± 10.1 years | 100% | 100 | 45.4 ± 14.0 | CES-D (≥16) | 31 | 3 | ||
| Doria 2004 | Italy | 9.9 ± 6.3 years | 87.3% | 126 | 38.9 ± 11.9 | HAS (≥6/≥15) | 74.6/27 | HDS (≥8/≥16) | 40.5/2.4 | 2 |
| Duvdevany 2011 | Israel | 11.4 ± 9.1 years | 88% | 100 | 37.0 ± 11.8 | HADS (≥8) | 20 | HADS (≥8) | 37 | 4 |
| García-Carrasco 2011 | Mexico | 106.5 ± 85.5 months | 100% | 106 | 40.5 ± 12.0 | CES-D (≥16) | 38.8 | 2 | ||
| García-Carrasco 2013 | Mexico | 10.5 ± 7.4 years | 100% | 105 | 43.6 ± 11.3 | CES-D (≥16) | 33 | 2 | ||
| Greco 2009 | USA | 16.3 ± 7.0 years | 100% | 161 | 50.1 ± 10.0 | CES-D (≥16) | 27 | 2 | ||
| Hanly 2015 | Canada | 5.6 ± 4.8 years | 88.9% | 1827 | 35.1 ± 13.3 | DSM-IV | 12.7 | 4 | ||
| Harrison 2006 | USA | 15.3 ± 3.2 years | 100% | 93 | 43.3 ± 13.7 | CES-D (>27) | 16.1 | 2 | ||
| Huang 2007 | China | 7.5 ± 6.9 years | 91.5% | 129 | 37.4 ± 10.7 | HADS (≥8) | 32 | HADS (≥8) | 20 | 2 |
| Iverson 2002 | Canada | NS | NS | 103 | NS | 21 Item-BDI (≥17) | 39.8 | 1 | ||
| Jarpa 2011 | Chile | Median: 5.0 (0.1–40.0) years | 90.8% | 87 | Median: 39.0 (16.0–27.0) | DSM-IV | 18.1 | DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 21.7, dysthymic disorder: 4.8 | 2 |
| Julian 2011 | USA | 15.8 ± 9.3 years | 93% | 150 | 48.8 ± 12.3 | ICD-10 and DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 17, dysthymic disorder: 4, minor depression: 6 | 3 | ||
| Jung 2015 | Korea | 6.8 ± 4.4 years | 93% | 100 | 40.6 ± 10.3 | 21 Item-BDI (≥21) | 13 | 2 | ||
| Katz 2011 | USA | 13.6 ± 8.5 years | 100% | 716 | 48.1 ± 12.6 | CES-D (≥24) | 25 | 3 | ||
| Karol 2013 | USA | NS | 93% | 127 | 38.1 ± 12.3 | 21 Item-BDI (≥18) | 41.7 | 2 | ||
| Karimifar 2013 | Iran | 4.1 ± 0.5 years | 80% | 100 | 34.8 ± 10.9 | 21 Item-BDI (≥14) | 60 | 2 | ||
| Kheirandish 2015 | Iran | 9.0 ± 7.7 years | 92.2% | 166 | 33.1 ± 11.1 | Cattell questionnaire (≥21) | 84.9 | 21 Item-BDI (≥5/≥30) | 64.5/9 | 2 |
| Kotsis 2014 | Greece | 13.2 ± 9.1 years | 84% | 75 | 44.1 ± 13.3 | PHQ-9 (≥10) | 29.3 | 2 | ||
| Kim 2015 | USA | 12.0 ± 8.0 years | 93% | 89 | 39.0 ± 15.0 | CES-D (≥16) | 63 | 3 | ||
| Lapteva 2006 | USA | 13.8 ± 10.2 years | 75% | 60 | 41.0 ± 13.0 | DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 16.6 | 2 | ||
| Lisitsyna 2014 | NS | 134.9 ± 8.8 months | 85.6% | 180 | 34.6 ± 0.93 | ICD-10 | Major depressive disorder: 24.4, dysthymic disorder: 25.6, adjustment disorders: 18.9 | 2 | ||
| Mak 2011 | Singapore | 54.9 ± 70.7 months | 88% | 60 | 40.5 ± 12.9 | HADS (≥8) | 38 | HADS (≥8) | 22 | 2 |
| Maneeton 2013 | Thailand | 6.1 ± 4.8 years | 98% | 62 | 31.8 ± 9.0 | HAS (≥14) | 37.1 | HDS (≥11) | 45.2 | 2 |
| Mirbagher 2016 | Iran | 8.3 ± 3.8 years | 100% | 77 | 36.5 ± 10.1 | HADS (≥8) | 71.4 | HADS (≥8) | 46.1 | 3 |
| Monaghan 2007 | Australia | 10.2 ± 8.7 years | 97% | 60 | 44.4 ± 12.2 | HADS (≥8) | 44 | HADS (≥8) | 36 | 3 |
| Montero-Lo’pez 2016 | Spain | 0.2 ± 0.7 years | 100% | 97 | 38.6 ± 9.3 | SCL-90-R | 4.1 | SCL-90-R | 5.2 | 2 |
| Nery 2008 | Brazil | 9.8 ± 6.5 years | 100% | 71 | 34.8 ± 10.1 | SCID for DSM-IV | 46.5 | SCID for DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 40.8 | 2 |
| Neville 2014 | Canada | 10.2 ± 9.5 years | 92.4% | 612 | 46.8 ± 16.7 | PHQ-2 (≥3) | 28.1 | 4 | ||
| Palagini 2014 | Italy | 15.0 ± 8.0 years | 100% | 81 | 43.6 ± 11.2 | SAS (>44) | 17.3 | 21 Item-BDI (≥11) | 34.6 | 3 |
| Panopalis 2010 | USA | 13.8 ± 8.9 years | 91% | 807 | 47.6 ± 13.1 | CES-D (≥16) | 38.5 | 5 | ||
| Pettersson 2015 | Sweden | Median: 12.0 years | 92% | 305 | Median: 48 | HADS (≥8) | 34 | HADS (≥8) | 51 | 4 |
| Postal 2016 | Brazil | Median: 9.0 (0–33.0) years | 96.7% | 153 | Median: 30.0 (10.0–62.0) | 21 Item-BAI (≥8/≥16/≥26) | 60.7/43.1/18.3 | 21 Item-BDI (≥14/≥20/≥29) | 45.7/30.7/18.9 | 2 |
| Radhakrishan 2011 | India | NS | 100% | 100 | 18-60 | SCID for DSM-IV | 51 | SCID for DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 46, adjustment disorder: 21, dysthymic disorder: 9 | 2 |
| Roebuck-Spencer 2006 | USA | 13.8 ± 10.2 years | 80% | 60 | 41.3 ± 12.8 | 21 Item-BDI (≥14) | 20 | 2 | ||
| Segal 2012 | USA | 12.0 ± 2.3 years | 93% | 71 | 41.7 ± 1.5 | CES-D (≥16) | 39 | 2 | ||
| Sehlo 2013 | Saudi Arabia | 6.9 ± 4.2 years | 100% | 80 | 34.8 ± 11.2 | SCID for DSM-IV | Major depressive disorder: 11.25 | 2 | ||
| Sfikakis 1998 | Greece | 7.8 ± 6.4 years | 91.5% | 71 | 37.0 ± 13.0 | HAS (>17) | 23.9 | HDS (>17) | 19.7 | 2 |
| Shakeri 2015 | Iran | NS | 92.5% | 160 | 30.1 ± 6.2 | 21 Item-BAI (≥8/≥16/≥26) | 81.2/51.9/18.1 | 21 Item-BDI (≥21/≥31/>40) | 69.3/38.7/20.6 | 2 |
| Shen 2015 | China | NS | 91.2% | 156 | 32.9 ± 10.2 | Zung SAS (≥50) | 20.51 | Zung SDS (≥53) | 33.33 | 3 |
| Skare 2014 | Brazil | 8.2 ± 6.9 years | 93% | 100 | 39.2 ± 12.5 | 21 Item-BDI (≥19/≥ 30) |
21/2 | 2 | ||
| Shorta1l 1995 | England | 11.0 ± 7.1 years | 95% | 80 | 41.0 ± 11.2 | HADS (≥8) | 39 | HADS (≥8) | 26 | 2 |
| Stoll 2001 | Switzerland | 11.4 ± 9.0 years | 90% | 60 | 44.5 ± 15.4 | HADS (≥8) | 16 | 3 | ||
| Tam 2008 | China | 9.7 years | 95.9% | 291 | 42.0 ± 12.0 | HADS (≥8) | 22 | HADS (≥8) | 18.2 | 3 |
| Tay 2015 | Singapore | 72.3 ± 81.1 months | 86.4% | 110 | 38.7 ± 12.6 | HADS (≥8) | 40.9 | HADS (≥8) | 15.5 | 2 |
| Tench 2000 | England | Median: 36.0 (12.0–79.5) months | 100% | 120 | Median: 38.0 (32.0–45.0) | HADS (≥8) | 60 | HADS (≥8) | 37 | 2 |
| Tjensvoll 2010 | Norway | 12.3 ± 8.6 years | 87% | 63 | 43.4 ± 13.3 | 21 Item-BDI (≥13) |
23.8 | 2 | ||
| Utset 2014 | USA | Median: 9 years | 95% | 344 | >18 | CES-D (>10) | 54.5 | 4 | ||
| van Exel 2013 | Netherlands | 7.8 ± 7.0 years | 88.2% | 102 | 44.4 ± 12.5 | 21 Item-BDI (≥14) |
27 | 3 | ||
| Vina 2015 | USA | 143.2 ± 117.8 months | 93% | 343 | 44.4 ± 12.9 | CES-D (≥17) | 47.2 | 4 | ||
| Weder-Cisneros 2004 | USA | Mean: 97.0 (6–348) months | 91.4% | 81 | 31.2 ± 9.7 | 21 Item-BDI (≥14) |
40.7 | 3 | ||
| Xie 2012 | China | Median: 1.3 years | 93.7% | 285 | 34.0 ± 13.0 | 21 Item-BDI (≥5/14/≥21) |
59.3/40.7/19.3 | 4 | ||
| Zakeri 2012 | Iran | NS | 90.5% | 71 | >18 | 21 Item-BDI (≥16/≥32) |
60/9.4 | 2 |
NS not stated, CES-D Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BAI Beck Anxiety Inventory, DSM-III/IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third/Fourth Edition, HADS Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, ICD International Classification of Diseases, HAS the Hamilton Anxiety Scale, HDS the Hamilton Depression Scale, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, SCID Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, SCL-90-R Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised, Zung SAS Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale, Zung SDS Zung Self-rating Depression Scale