Table 4.
Linear regression estimates
| PCL score (PTSD symptoms) | Perceived posttraumatic growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main effects only B (95% CI) |
Model with RS coping X Combat interactions B (95% CI) |
Main effects only B (95% CI) |
Model with RS coping X Combat interactions B (95% CI) |
|
| Intercept | 22.65 (14.15, 31.14)** | 21.49 (9.75, 33.23)** | 2.00 (1.48, 2.52)*** | 2.03 (1.32, 2.75)*** |
| Combat exposure | ||||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Moderate | 8.23 (5.15, 11.31)*** | 10.73 (−1.20, 22.67) | 0.08 (−0.11, 0.27) | 0.33 (−0.40, 1.06) |
| High | 14.68 (11.34, 18.03)*** | 11.45 (−0.15, 23.04) | 0.30 (0.09, 0.51)** | −0.07 (−0.78, 0.64) |
| RS coping: Positive | 0.62 (−0.75, 1.99) | −0.93 (−3.37, 1.51) | 0.29 (0.21, 0.38)*** | 0.29 (0.14, 0.44)*** |
| RS coping: Negative | 9.59 (7.54, 11.63)*** | 12.83 (8.47, 17.19)*** | −0.23 (−0.36, −0.11)*** | −0.26 (−0.52, 0.01) |
| RS coping: Positive X … | --- | --- | ||
| Low combat exposure | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Moderate combat exposure | 1.26 (−1.99, 4.51) | −0.16 (0.36, 0.04) | ||
| High combat exposure | 3.27 (0.003, 6.54)* | 0.17 (−0.03, 0.37) | ||
| RS coping: Negative X … | --- | --- | ||
| Low combat exposure | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Moderate combat exposure | −4.52 (−10.16, 1.12) | 0.13 (−0.22, 0.47) | ||
| High combat exposure | −3.70 (−8.88, 1.48) | −0.01 (−0.32, 0.31) | ||
| Age | 0.32 (0.16, 0.49)*** | 0.31 (0.14, 0.48)*** | 0.003 (−0.008, 0.013) | 0.002 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.51 (−1.32, 4.33) | 1.47 (−1.35, 4.29) | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.23) | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.24) |
| Education a | −1.45 (−2.56, −0.34)* | −1.40 (−2.51, −0.29)* | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.07) |
| Household income b | −1.36 (−2.38, −0.35)** | −1.33 (−2.35, −0.31)* | 0.002 (−0.06, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.07, 0.06) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with | ||||
| someone | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Never married | −1.52 (−4.86, 1.82) | −1.87 (−5.21, 1.48) | 0.16 (−0.05, 0.36) | 0.14 (−0.06, 0.35) |
| Divorced/widowed/separated | 2.42 (−0.97, 5.81) | 2.49 (−0.91, 5.89) | −0.14 (−0.35, 0.07) | −0.15 (−0.39, 0.06) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White/Caucasian, non- | ||||
| Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Black/African American, | ||||
| non-Hispanic | 5.18 (1.34, 9.01)** | 5.39 (1.55, 9.23)** | 0.10 (−0.13, 0.34) | 0.12 (−0.12, 0.35) |
| Other, non-Hispanic | 1.51 (−3.29, 6.31) | 1.42 (−3.39, 6.23) | 0.32 (0.02, 0.61)* | 0.32 (0.03, 0.61)* |
| Hispanic | 4.99 (1.40, 8.58)** | 4.64 (1.04, 8.24)* | 0.18 (−0.04, 0.39) | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.36) |
Note: RS = Religious/spiritual, PCL = PTSD Checklist, Ref. = reference group
a
A mean education score of 5.17 is between the categories ‘Some college’ and ‘College graduate’
b
A mean household income score of 3.31 is between the categories ‘$35,000 to $50,000’ and ‘$50,000 to $75,000.’