Table 2.

Risk for 9-Year All-Cause Mortality and 7-Year Heart Failure Hospitalization With Increased Heart Rate

Outcome	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	P Value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)a	P Value
All-cause mortality
30–55 bpm	1.00 [Reference]		1.00 [Reference]
56–60 bpm	1.12 (0.83–1.53)	.45	1.29 (0.95–1.76)	.11
61–66 bpm	1.12 (0.83–1.50)	.46	1.50 (1.10–2.04)	.01
67–72 bpm	1.11 (0.82–1.51)	.50	1.42 (1.03–1.95)	.03
73–118 bpm	2.10 (1.60–2.76)	< .001	2.38 (1.78–3.19)	< .001
Baseline heart rate per 5 bpm increase	1.14 (1.10–1.19)	<.001	1.14 (1.10–1.19)	<.001
Heart failure hospitalization
30–55 bpm	1.00 [Reference]		1.00 [Reference]
56–60 bpm	1.13 (0.78–1.65)	.52	1.22 (0.83–1.79)	.31
61–66 bpm	1.11 (0.77–1.59)	.59	1.34 (0.92–1.96)	.13
67–72 bpm	1.12 (0.77–1.63)	.55	1.19 (0.80–1.76)	.39
73–118 bpm	1.95 (1.39–2.73)	< .001	1.79 (1.25–2.58)	.002
Baseline heart rate per 5 bpm increase	1.14 (1.09–1.20)	< .001	1.10 (1.05–1.16)	< .001

Abbreviation: HR, hazard ratio.

^aAdjusted for age, sex, prior myocardial infarction, heart failure, hypertension, stroke, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, current smoking, prior smoking, alcoholic drinks/week, physical activity hours/week, caffeine mg/day, body mass index, neck circumference, systolic blood pressure, sodium, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin, ejection fraction, left ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular dimension, left bundle branch block, right bundle branch block, QRS duration, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker, antiarrhythmic agent, antiplatelet agent, β-blocker, calcium channel blocker, digoxin, diuretic, and statin.