Table 3.
Participant Characteristics Associated With Increased Heart Rate Greater Than 5 bpm
| Variable | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) |
P Value |
Adjusted RR (95% CI) |
P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age per 5 years | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | .16 | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | .54 |
| Men | 1.18 (1.06–1.31) | .003 | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | .39 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Myocardial infarction | 1.31 (1.04–1.64) | .02 | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | .25 |
| Heart failure | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) | .67 | 0.97 (0.76–1.23) | .77 |
| Hypertension | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | .61 | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) | .78 |
| Stroke | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | .80 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | .77 |
| Diabetes | 1.21 (1.06–1.37) | .004 | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | < .001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.00 (0.80–1.24) | .99 | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | .70 |
| Current smoker | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | < .001 | 1.32 (1.12–1.55) | < .001 |
| Prior smoker | 1.13 (0.99–1.29) | .08 | 1.09 (0.95–1.24) | .24 |
| Average drinks per week in prior year | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | .08 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | .33 |
| Weekly mean hours of physical activity | ||||
| 0 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | ||
| < 1 | 0.99 (0.83–1.19) | .95 | 1.03 (0.87–1.23) | .72 |
| 1 to < 2 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | .90 | 0.99 (0.85–1.15) | .88 |
| 2 to < 3 | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | .41 | 0.91 (0.75–1.12) | .38 |
| 3 to < 4 | 0.89 (0.70–1.12) | .32 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | .14 |
| ≥ 4 | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | .74 | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | .45 |
| Caffeine consumption per 50 mg/day | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | .11 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | .02 |
| Physical examination | ||||
| Body mass index per 1 kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | .42 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .66 |
| Neck circumference per 1 cm | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | .03 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | .02 |
| Systolic blood pressure per 5 mm Hg | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | .86 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | .68 |
| Laboratory test results | ||||
| Sodium per 1 mEq/L | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | .89 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | .89 |
| eGFR per 5 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | .97 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | .08 |
| Hemoglobin per 1 g/dL | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | .06 | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | .76 |
| Cardiac test results | ||||
| Ejection fraction per 5% decrease | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | .45 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | .06 |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 1.10 (0.90–1.34) | .35 | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | .38 |
| Left ventricular dimension per 1 cm | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | .02 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | .22 |
| Complete LBBB | 1.88 (1.21–2.92) | .005 | 2.11 (1.23–3.63) | .007 |
| Complete RBBB | 1.12 (0.67–1.87) | .65 | 1.33 (0.76–2.32) | .32 |
| QRS duration per 5 msec | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | .11 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | .08 |
| Baseline heart rate per 5 bpm | 0.79 (0.77–0.81) | < .001 | 0.77 (0.75–0.79) | < .001 |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitor or ARB | 1.11 (0.95–1.28) | .18 | 1.03 (0.87–1.20) | .76 |
| Antiarrhythmic agent | 0.63 (0.12–3.40) | .59 | 0.97 (0.15–6.28) | .98 |
| Antiplatelet agent | 0.95 (0.57–1.60) | .86 | 0.93 (0.53–1.61) | .79 |
| β-Blocker | 1.25 (1.06–1.47) | .008 | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | .30 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) | .29 | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | .22 |
| Digoxin | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | .59 | 0.96 (0.56–1.65) | .90 |
| Diuretic | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | .23 | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | .18 |
| Statin | 1.08 (0.91–1.28) | .37 | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | .52 |
| Any missing medications | 1.22 (1.01–1.47) | .04 | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | .16 |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LBBB, left bundle-branch block; RBBB, right bundle-branch block; RR, risk ratio.