. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Gerontology. 2016 Nov 18;63(2):189–200. doi: 10.1159/000452309

Table 3.

Between-group iTMT comparisons with and without adjustment for age, BMI, and education level.

	iTMT_fixed			iTMT_random			iTMT_{number-letter}
	Difference Mean (%)	p Value	d	Difference Mean (%)	p Value	d	Difference Mean (%)	p Value	d
	Without adjustment
With vs. without cognitive impairment	5.4 (17.8)	0.213	0.525	3.8 (13.1)	0.229	0.512	23.0 (45.3)	0.015	1.024
Healthy vs. aMCI	4.8 (15.9)	0.349	0.470	2.1 (7.9)	0.544	0.321	11.6 (30.7)	0.221	0.866
Healthy vs. AD	3.1 (10.9)	0.576	0.302	6.9 (22.0)	0.078	0.876	35.5 (57.4)	0.001	1.384
aMCI vs. AD	-1.7 (5.6)	0.759	0.141	4.7 (15.0)	0.217	0.591	24.0 (38.8)	0.029	0.920
	*With adjustment for age, BMI, and education level*
With vs. without cognitive impairment	4.6 (15.5)	0.305	0.448	4.0 (13.7)	0.205	0.532	22.8 (44.8)	0.038	1.005
Healthy vs. aMCI	2.5 (8.8)	0.669	0.238	2.2 (8.3)	0.547	0.318	11.2 (31.1)	0.327	0.782
Healthy vs. AD	4.2 (14.0)	0.483	0.393	8.4 (25.8)	0.033	1.068	40.7 (62.1)	0.002	1.568
aMCI vs. AD	1.7 (5.7)	0.780	0.142	6.2 (19.0)	0.116	0.760	29.5 (44.9)	0.022	1.119

iTMT: Instrumented Trail-Making Test

aMCI: amnestic mild cognitive impairment

AD: Alzheimer disease

Significant difference between groups were indicated in bold

Effect sizes were calculated as Cohen’s d