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(a) Western blotting was performed to detect the phosphor-ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and AKT. Total proteins and GAPDH were used as loading control. (b) p-ERK1/2, (c) p-P38, (d) p-JNK, and (e) p-AKT (mean ± SEM, n = 3) were expressed as fold changes from phosphorylated and total proteins. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, n.s.: no significant difference.
