Table 1. Characteristics of study population in discovery and validation panels a.
| Characteristics | Discovery Panel | Validation Panel | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 978 | 531 | |
| Age (years) | 62.1 (6.5) | 62.0 (6.6) | 0.817 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 495 (50.6%) | 207 (39.0%) | |
| Female | 483 (49.4%) | 324 (61.0%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.877 | ||
| Current smoker | 181 (18.5%) | 98 (18.4%) | |
| Former smoker | 328 (33.5%) | 182 (34.3%) | |
| Never smoker | 469 (48.0%) | 251 (47.3%) | |
| Body mass index b | 0.246 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 8 (0.8%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
| Normal (18.5-<25.0) | 237 (24.3%) | 161 (30.3%) | |
| Overweight (25.0-<30.0) | 472 (48.4%) | 228 (42.9%) | |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 258 (26.5%) | 141 (26.6%) | |
| Alcohol consumption c | 0.511 | ||
| Abstainer | 311 (34.1%) | 169 (34.4%) | |
| Low | 531 (58.2%) | 290 (59.1%) | |
| Intermediate | 53 (5.8%) | 27 (5.5%) | |
| High | 17 (1.9%) | 5 (1.0%) | |
| Physical activity d | 0.061 | ||
| Inactive | 189 (19.3%) | 109 (20.5%) | |
| Low | 433 (44.3%) | 261 (49.2%) | |
| Medium or high | 356 (36.4%) | 161 (30.3%) | |
| Prevalence of diabetes e | 0.647 | ||
| Not prevalent | 819 (84.4%) | 436 (83.5%) | |
| Prevalent | 151 (15.6%) | 86 (16.5%) | |
| Prevalence of CVD f | 0.627 | ||
| Not prevalent | 796 (81.5%) | 438 (82.5%) | |
| Prevalent | 181 (18.5%) | 93 (17.5%) | |
| Prevalence of cancer g | 0.748 | ||
| Not prevalent | 892 (93.4%) | 487 (93.8%) | |
| Prevalent | 63 (6.6%) | 32 (6.2%) | |
| Leukocyte compositionh | |||
| CD8+ T-cells | 0.081 (0.039) | 0.098 (0.041) | <0.001 |
| CD4+ T-cells | 0.166 (0.058) | 0.171 (0.056) | 0.041 |
| NK cells | 0.098 (0.044) | 0.096 (0.042) | 0.281 |
| B-cells | 0.063 (0.024) | 0.070 (0.019) | <0.001 |
| Monocytes | 0.101 (0.022) | 0.100 (0.020) | 0.867 |
| Granulocytes | 0.548 (0.097) | 0.531 (0.094) | 0.002 |
| Pack-years of smokingi | |||
| Current smokers | 36.8 (19.3) | 33.9 (17.5) | 0.250 |
| Former smokers | 23.3 (16.3) | 19.9 (15.1) | 0.031 |
| Smoking cessation time (years) j | 17.3 (11.3) | 17.6 (10.6) | 0.755 |
Mean values (SD) for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables; Kruskal-Wallis Test was applied to examine continuous variables and Chi-Square test was applied to examine categorical variables
Data missing for 3 participants in discovery panel
Data missing for 66 and 40 participants, respectively, in discovery and validation panels. Categories defined as follows: abstainer, low [women: 0 −<20 g/d, men: 0 −<40 g/d], intermediate [20 −<40 g/d and 40 −<60 g/d, respectively], high [≥40 g/d and ≥60 g/d, respectively]
Categories defined as follows: inactive [< 1h of physical activity/week], medium or high [≥2 h of vigorous and ≥ 2 h of light physical activity/week], low [other]
Data missing for 8 and 9 participants, respectively, in discovery and validation panels
CVD: cardiovascular disease. Data missing for 1 participant in discovery panel
Data missing for 23 and 12 participants, respectively, in discovery and validation panels
Estimated by the Houseman algorithm [27]
A pack-year was defined as having smoked 20 cigarettes per day for 1 year, including all participants from validation panel, pack-year= 0 for never smokers
Former smokers only, data missing for 9 and 3 participants, respectively, in discovery and validation panels; cessation time equals age at recruitment minus age at cessation