Table 2.
Between-group differences on variables that could affect the recall of pain.
| Characteristics | Underestimate | Correctly estimate | Overestimate | Sig. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 89) | (N = 179) | (N = 214) | ||
| Mean (±SD) age | 77.5 (7.2) | 76.6 (7.0) | 76.1 (7.5) | n.s. |
| Male (%) | 28.4 | 25.7 | 28.0 | n.s. |
| Education level (%) | ||||
| High school or lower | 51.1 | 63.3 | 51.2 | n.s. |
| Living alone (%) | 36.4 | 37.6 | 40.2 | n.s. |
| Adequate social support (%) | 70.9 | 76.4 | 81.9 | n.s. |
| Mean (SD) number of medications | 3.6 (3.2) | 5.2 (4.4) | 4.6 (3.3) | <0.011 |
| Mean (SD) number of comorbidities | 4.1 (2.3) | 4.8 (2.8) | 4.5 (2.6) | n.s. |
| 3 months | ||||
| ADL: ≥13/14 (%) | 91.0 | 91.1 | 92.5 | n.s. |
| IADL: ≥13/14 (%) | 76.1 | 78.8 | 82.2 | n.s. |
| 3 months | ||||
| TICS: MCI ≤ 31 (%) | 14.3 | 11.2 | 9.2 | n.s. |
| TICS: dementia ≤ 27 (%) | 10.7 | 8.3 | 8.3 | |
| Mean (SD) pain intensity at ED visit | 4.7 (2.9) | 5.0 (3.1) | 6.1 (2.8) | <0.0012 |
| Mean (SD) pain intensity at 3 months | 2.6 (2.5) | 3.5 (2.8) | 3.3 (2.6) | n.s. |
Sig.: level of significance of Chi-square tests for categorical variables and of one-way ANOVA for continuous variables; n.s.: nonsignificant; ADL: activities of daily living; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; TICS: telephone interview for cognitive status; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; 1(Correctly estimate − Overestimate) > underestimate; 2Overestimate > (correctly estimate − underestimate).