FIG. 1.

Various biochemical and biophysical cues provided by matrix to regulate the native cell response. Growth factors and derivatives can interact with native cells through their specific receptors. The composition of ECM proteins is usually recognized by integrins. Small bioactive molecules, including oxygen and NO, can diffuse into the cells and mainly affect mitochondrial activities. Genetic regulators, including cDNA, miRNA, and siRNA, can be delivered by nonviral vehicles and facilitate gene transcription and translation. Electric or magnetic cues can also influence cell responses such as migration. cDNA, complementary DNA; ECM, extracellular matrix; miRNA, microRNA; NO, nitric oxide; siRNA, small interfering RNA. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/teb