Table 3.
Malaria prevalence in candidate blood donors in the American continent
| Study area | Sample size and features | Detection method | Prevalence (%) | Prevalence by species (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manaus, Brazil | 407 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Torres et al. [33] |
| RDT | 0.0 | – | |||
| São Paulo, Brazil | 1108 blood donors | PCR | 7.5 | P. falciparum (5.1) | Maselli et al. [35] |
| P. vivax (2.3) | |||||
| Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax infection (0.1) | |||||
| USA | 5610 malaria-deferred donors | EIA | 1.6 | NA | Nguyen et al. [34] |
| PCR | 0.0 | – | |||
| Pará, Brazil | 595 blood donors | PCR | 1.3 | P. vivax (1.3) | Batista-dos-Santos et al. [42] |
| Caracas, Ciudad Bolívar, Puerto Ayacucho and Cumaná, Venezuela | 762 blood donors | Direct EIA | 2.4 | NA | Contreras et al. [36] |
| Microscopy | 0.0 | – | |||
| PCR | 0.0 | – | |||
| Porto Velho (RO), Brazil | 100 blood donors | PCR | 3.0 | Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax infection (2.3) | Fugikaha et al. [43] |
| Macapá (AP), Brazil | 100 blood donors | PCR | 3.0 | Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax infection (2.3) | |
| Belém (PA), Brazil | 100 blood donors | PCR | 2.0 | Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax infection (2.3) | |
| Rio Branco (AC), Brazil | 100 blood donors | PCR | 1.0 | Mixed P. falciparum–P. vivax infection (2.3) | |
| Manaus (AM), Brazil | 286 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Torres et al. [32] |
| QBC | 0.0 | – | |||
| PCR | 0.3 | P. vivax (0.3) | |||
| Manaus (AM), Brazil | 38 deferred donations | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Torres et al. [32] |
| QBC | 1.4 | NA | |||
| PCR | 0.0 | – | |||
| Caracas, Venezuela | 500 blood donors | IIF (IgG Pf) | 0.8 | P. falciparum (0.8) | Contreras et al. [39] |
| ELISA (IgG Pf) | 0.8 | P. falciparum (0.8) | |||
| Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela | 500 blood donors | IIF (IgG Pf) | 3.8 | P. falciparum (3.8) | Contreras et al. [39] |
| ELISA (IgG Pf) | 2.0 | P. falciparum (2.0) | |||
| Cali, Colombia | 286 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Castillo and Ramírez [22] |
| EIA IgG | 0.0 | – | |||
| EIA HRPII | 0.0 | – | |||
| PCR | 0.0 | – | |||
| São Paulo (SP), Brazil | 1164 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Sáez-Alquézar et al. [27] |
| DIF | 0.0 | – | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pv | – | P. vivax (1.2) | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pf | – | P. falciparum (0.9) | |||
| ELISA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (1.0) | |||
| 36 deferred donations | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | ||
| DIF | 0.0 | – | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pv | – | P. vivax (16.7) | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pf | – | P. falciparum (5.6) | |||
| ELISA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (2.7) | |||
| Belém (PA), Brazil | 238 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | Sáez-Alquézar et al. [27] |
| QBC | 0.0 | – | |||
| DIF | 0.0 | – | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pv | – | P. vivax (9.6) | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pf | – | P. falciparum (10.1) | |||
| ELISA IgG Pf | P. falciparum (17.2) | ||||
| 12 deferred donations | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | ||
| QBC | 0.0 | – | |||
| DIF | 0.0 | – | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pv | – | P. vivax (25.0) | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pf | – | P. falciparum (41.6) | |||
| ELISA IgG Pf | P. falciparum (25.0) | ||||
| Matupá and Peixoto de Azevedo (MT), Brazil | 31 blood donors | Microscopy | 0.0 | – | |
| DIF | 0.0 | – | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pv | – | P. vivax (74.2) | |||
| IIF IgG anti-Pf | – | P. falciparum (64.5) | |||
| ELISA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (54.8) | |||
| Porto Velho (RO), Brazil | 230 blood donors | IIF IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (32.0) | Ferreira et al. [41] |
| IIF IgG Pv | – | P. vivax (24.0) | |||
| IIF IgM Pf | – | P. falciparum (4.0) | |||
| IIF IgM Pv | – | P. vivax (1.0) | |||
| Caracas (DF), Venezuela | 426 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (0.0) | Nunez et al. [37] |
| Cumaná (Sucre), Venezuela | 120 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (2.5) | Nunez et al. [37] |
| Barcelona (Anzoátegui), Venezuela | 285 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (0.7) | Nunez et al. [37] |
| San Fernando (Apure), Venezuela | 59 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (1.7) | Nunez et al. [37] |
| Cali, Colombia | 1859 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (13.4) | de Morales et al. [40] |
| Bogotá, Colombia | 3114 blood donors | EIA IgG Pf | – | P. falciparum (0.9) | de Morales and Espinal [38] |
| USA | 47 (from 117) blood donors suspected to be responsible for 10 TTM cases | IIF Ig anti-Pf+Pv+Pm | 19.1 | P. falciparum (12.8) | Sulzer and Wilson [44] |
| P. malariae (6.3) | |||||
| P. vivax (0.0) |
DIF direct immunofluorescence, EIA enzyme immunoassay, IIF indirect immunofluorescence, NA non-available information, PCR polymerase chain reaction, QBC quantitative buffy coat, RDT rapid diagnostic test, USA United States of America