Table 1. Summary of OCT Patient Studies in diagnosis of urological diseases.
| Reference number | Number of Patients | Sensitivity(%), Specificity(%), and others | Determination of diseases by OCT | OCT image features |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bladder | ||||
| 89 | 32 | 90, 89, 90(PPV), 89(NPV)a 75, 97, 75(PPV), 97(NPV) 100,90,70(PPV), 100 (NPV) |
Tumor confined to the mucosa (Ta); Lamina propria-invasive tumor (T1); Muscle-invasive tumor (T2) |
Enhanced urothelial heterogeneity and/or urothelial thickening |
| 77 | 24 | 100, 89, 75 (PPV), 100 (NPV), 92 (accuracy) 90 (PPV) |
Bladder carcinoma including 16 papillary Transitional-cell carcinoma (TCC) and 5 flat lesions; Tumor invasion |
Enhanced urothelial heterogeneity and/or urothelial thickening |
| 107 | 56 | 94, 81 | CIS and TCC (Ta, T1, and T2) | TCC: enhanced urothelial heterogeneity and/or urothelial thickening; CIS: no obvious urothelial thickening, slightly decreased backscattering in urothelium, and drastically diminished backscattering in lamina propria layer |
| 108 | 164 28 |
85, 68 100, 77 |
Bladder carcinoma; Differentiation between muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive TCC during TUR |
Enhanced urothelial heterogeneity and/or urothelial thickening for carcinoma |
| 106 | 142b | 83.8, 78.1 | Malignant bladder | Enhanced urothelial heterogeneity and/or urothelial thickening for carcinoma |
| Ureter | ||||
| 134 | 8 | Not available (NA) | Invasive tumor (pT1); Noninvasive tumor (pTa); CIS; Grade 2 vs. grade 3 |
Interruption of the basement membrane; Basement membrane appeared as a thin dark line below the tumor; Flat, broadened urothelial layer with low reflectivity without interruption of the basement membrane; Grade 3 lesions have higher calculated attenuation coefficient |
| Kidney | ||||
| 135 | 16 | NA | Malignant tumor | Malignant tumor has higher calculated attenuation coefficient than normal parenchyma |
| 122 | 20 | NA | Angiomyolipoma; Transitional cell carcinomas |
Fat elements appear as lucent dark areas easily visible on OCT; Unique and layered papillary architecture |
| 126 | 29 | NA | Ischemic kidney | Close kidney parenchyma tubular, less blood flow from vessels and glomeruli |
a PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value. bThe number of fresh human bladder tissue samples.