Table 3.
Demographic, clinical and psychosocial characteristics of REAL Diabetes Study participants
| Data are mean ± SD or n (%) | Total N=81 |
Type 1 N=61 |
Type 2 N=20 |
p-value2 type 1 vs type 2 | Clinic recruit N=41 |
Social media or mailing recruit (SM/M) N=40 |
p-value2 clinic vs SM/M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age (years) | 22.6 ± 3.5 | 22.5 ± 3.1 | 23.2 ± 4.5 | 0.98 | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 23.9 ± 3.6 | 0.002 |
| Gender – female | 51 (63) | 40 (66) | 11 (55) | 0.23 | 18 (44) | 33 (82) | 0.001 |
| Generation1 – 0 | 21 (26) | 12 (20) | 9 (45) | 0.06 | 14 (34) | 7 (18) | 0.13 |
| - 1 | 35 (43) | 27 (44) | 8 (40) | 18 (44) | 17 (42) | ||
| - 2 | 25 (31) | 22 (36) | 3 (15) | 9 (22) | 16 (40) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity – White | 8 (10) | 8 (13) | 0 | 0.20 | 1 (2) | 7 (18) | 0.11 |
| - Black | 8 (10) | 7 (11) | 1 (5) | 4 (10) | 4 (10) | ||
| - Hispanic/Latino | 63 (78) | 45 (74) | 18 (90) | 35 (85) | 28 (70) | ||
| - Other | 2 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (5) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | ||
| Hollingshead Index score (n=67) | 29.6 ± 13.1 | 31.0 ± 13.5 | 25.4 ± 11.1 | 0.13 | 25.1 ± 9.9 | 33.8 ± 14.4 | 0.02 |
| Neighborhood income ($K)* | 43.8 ± 16 | 45.3 ± 16.0 | 39.3 ± 15.3 | 0.08 | 39.1 ± 12.1 | 48.6 ± 18.0 | 0.02 |
| Neighborhood % below FPL* | 23.8 ± 11.3 | 22.3 ± 10.9 | 28.6 ± 11.5 | 0.03 | 25.2 ± 9.6 | 22.5 ± 12.8 | 0.10 |
| Recruitment – Clinic | 41 (51) | 33 (54) | 8 (40) | 0.31 | |||
| - Social media | 40 (49) | 28 (46) | 12 (60) | ||||
| Clinical | |||||||
| Diabetes type – T1D | 61 (75) | 33 (80) | 28 (70) | 0.31 | |||
| - T2D | 20 (25) | 8 (20) | 12 (30) | ||||
| Diabetes duration | 9.7 ± 5.8 | 11.1 ± 5.6 | 5.7 ± 4.2 | 0.0005 | 9.5 ± 5.6 | 10.0 ± 6.0 | 0.79 |
| A1C | 10.8 ± 1.9 | 10.6 ± 1.8 | 11.4 ± 2.1 | 0.12 | 10.6 ± 1.6 | 10.9 ± 2.1 | 0.72 |
| SDSCA glucose | 3.3 ± 2.7 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 2.5 ± 2.8 | 0.10 | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.9 | 0.11 |
| SDSCA medication | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 2.7 | 0.01 | 6.4 ± 1.4 | 5.3 ± 2.1 | 0.004 |
| SRBAI glucose | 15.0 ± 6.9 | 15.6 ± 6.9 | 13.1 ± 6.6 | 0.14 | 16.8 ± 6.5 | 13.1 ± 6.8 | 0.02 |
| SRBAI medication | 19.0 ± 6.3 | 20.1 ± 5.9 | 15.2 ± 6.4 | 0.01 | 19.7 ± 5.7 | 18.2 ± 6.9 | 0.41 |
| Treatment regimen | |||||||
| None | 3 (4) | 0 | 3 (15) | <0.0001 | 0 | 3 (8) | 0.08 |
| - Oral medication and/or non- insulin injectable only | 4 (5) | 0 | 4 (20) | 2 (5) | 2 (5) | ||
| - Insulin only | 63 (78) | 59 (97) | 4 (20) | 36 (88) | 27 (68) | ||
| - (Oral medication and/or non- insulin injectable) + insulin | 11 (14) | 2 (3) | 9 (45) | 3 (7) | 8 (20) | ||
| Among those on insulin | |||||||
| - Fixed regimen | 28 (38) | 16 (26) | 12 (92) | <0.0001 | 12 (31) | 16 (46) | 0.15 |
| - Intensive regimen | 42 (57) | 41 (67) | 1 (8) | 26 (67) | 16 (46) | ||
| - Unknown | 4 (5) | 4 (7) | 0 | 1 (3) | 3 (9) | ||
| - Insulin injections and/or pen | 65 (88) | 52 (85) | 13 (100) | 0.35 | 37 (95) | 28 (80) | 0.08 |
| - Insulin pump | 9 (12) | 9 (15) | 0 | 2 (5) | 7 (20) | ||
| Healthcare Utilization (over 12 months prior to randomization) | |||||||
| Number of routine diabetes visits (n=77) | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.4 ± 2.4 | 0.89 | 3.6 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 2.1 | 0.02 |
| ≥ 2 visits with A1C recorded ≥3 months apart (n=77) | 49 (64) | 35 (61) | 14 (70) | 0.59 | 35 (85) | 14 (39) | 0.0001 |
| Proportion of participants reporting ≥1 diabetes-related hospitalization | 19 (23) | 15 (25) | 4 (20) | 0.77 | 9 (22) | 10 (25) | 0.80 |
| Psychosocial | |||||||
| Satisfaction with Life Scale | 20.5 ± 6.8 | 20.5 ± 6.8 | 20.6 ± 6.7 | 0.98 | 20.8 ± 6.7 | 20.3 ± 6.9 | 0.68 |
| Substance Abuse Screening (CAGE) | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | 0.55 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 1.2 | 0.26 |
| Problem Activities in Diabetes-Short Form (range: 0–20) | 9.6 ± 5.7 | 9.2 ± 5.7 | 10.8 ± 5.6 | 0.25 | 8.6 ± 6.0 | 10.6 ± 5.3 | 0.12 |
| Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life | −2.6 ± 1.7 | −2.7 ± 1.8 | −2.4 ± 1.5 | 0.59 | −2.3 ± 1.7 | −2.9 ± 1.7 | 0.10 |
| Diabetes Empowerment Scale | 31.4 ± 5.5 | 32.2 ± 5.2 | 29.1 ± 6.0 | 0.04 | 32.3 ± 4.7 | 30.5 ± 6.2 | 0.16 |
| Patient Health Questionnaire | 6.9 ± 5.0 | 7.0 ± 5.2 | 6.6 ± 4.5 | 0.75 | 6.3 ± 4.9 | 7.5 ± 5.0 | 0.22 |
| Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire | 18.1 ± 3.2 | 18.4 ± 3.1 | 16.9 ± 3.5 | 0.08 | 17.2 ± 3.3 | 18.9 ± 3.0 | 0.01 |
| Participation, objective | −0.03 ± 0.2 | −0.0 ± 0.3 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.14 | −0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.02 ± 0.3 | 0.10 |
| Participation, subjective | −0.03 ± 0.9 | 0.0 ± 0.9 | −0.2 ± 1.0 | 0.32 | −0.2 ± 0.8 | 0.14 ± 0.9 | 0.04 |
| Stressful Life Events | 5.0 ± 3.6 | 4.8 ± 3.8 | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 0.26 | 4.8 ± 3.4 | 5.1 ± 3.8 | 0.49 |
| Diabetes Problem Solving Inventory | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.9 | 0.04 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 0.32 |
1
0=Participant born outside United States; 1=Participant but neither parent born in United States; 2=At least one parent born in the United States;
2
Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test or Fisher Exact Test;
*
Using 2010 Census tract data