Table 2.
Associations Between Patient Characteristics and the Outcomes ≥1 Year Treatment Retention and ≥ 2 Years Treatment Retention
| Independent Variables | Primary Outcome: ≥1 year retention Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
Primary Outcome: ≥1 year retention Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Exploratory Outcome: ≥2 years retention Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Enrollment | 0.99 (0.89, 1.09) | 1.19 (1.05, 1.34)* | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45)* |
| Gender | |||
| Male | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 1.62 (1.31, 2.01)* | 1.55 (1.20, 2.00)* | 1.44 (1.09, 1.91)* |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Black | 0.52 (0.38, 0.71)* | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78)* | 0.70 (0.46, 1.08) |
| Hispanic | 0.56 (0.42, 0.74)* | 0.66 (0.48, 0.92)* | 0.64 (0.43, 0.94)* |
| Other | 1.59 (0.62, 4.05) | 2.03 (0.57, 7.17) | 0.91 (0.23, 3.59) |
| Unemployment | 0.65 (0.52, 0.81)* | 0.72 (0.56, 0.92)* | 0.69 (0.53, 0.91)* |
| High school/GED or Higher | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) | ˆˆˆˆ | ˆˆˆ |
| Any Psychiatric Diagnoses | 1.68 (1.35, 2.08)* | 1.75 (1.35, 2.27)* | 1.97 (1.48, 2.62)* |
| HCV Antibody Positive | 0.55 (0.44, 0.68)* | 0.59 (0.45, 0.76)* | 0.61 (0.47, 0.80)* |
| Prior Buprenorphine Treatment | 1.42 (1.13, 1.77)* | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 1.29 (0.96, 1.72) |
| History of Ever Heroin Use | 0.57 (0.41, 0.78)* | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 0.72 (0.48, 1.09) |
| Alcohol Use at Enrollment | 0.78 (0.59, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.23) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.11) |
| Cocaine Use at Enrollment | 0.60 (0.44, 0.80)* | 0.86 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.17) |
| Benzodiazepine Use (Illicit) at Enrollment | 0.90 (0.63, 1.29) | ˆˆˆˆ | ˆˆˆˆ |
| Calendar Year | |||
| 2003-2007 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2008-2010 | 1.07 (0.86, 1.34) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.18) | 0.98 (0.74, 1.31) |
| 2011-2014 | 0.91 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.62 (0.42, 0.90)* | 0.89 (0.55, 1.45) |
| Number OBOT Period | |||
| 1st (N=958) | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2nd (N= 209) | 0.45 (0.34, 0.59)* | 0.39 (0.28, 0.53)* | 0.52 (0.35, 0.76)* |
| 3rd (N=54) | 0.39 (0.22, 0.66)* | 0.34 (0.18, 0.64)* | 0.78 (0.37, 1.65) |
| ≥4th (N=16) | 0.48 (0.18, 1.25) | 0.45 (0.16, 1.32) | 0.41 (0.04, 3.96) |
Legend: Age OR represents odds for every 10-year increase in age; Primary outcome of ≥1 year retention is based on an analytic sample with N = 1345 observations; Exploratory outcome of ≥2 year retention is based on an analytic sample with N = 1186 observations; High school/GED or Higher – completed high school or passed the General Education Development test or more advanced degree; HCV Antibody Positive- Hepatitis C Antibody Positive; Prior Buprenorphine Treatment – patient self-report of prior buprenorphine treatment with any buprenorphine provider on initial intake; History of Heroin- reported use of heroin, with or without opioid pills, as compared to use of opioid pills only; Number OBOT Period–the number of treatment periods the patient had experienced up to and including the current observation
not included in final model
p-value < 0.05