. 2015 Jan 20;5(1):90–114. doi: 10.3390/nano5010090

Table 1.

Processing details of CNTs-reinforced ceramics nanocomposites.

Reference	Matrix	CNT types	Purification methods	Dispersion procedures	Sintering techniques
[10]	Si₃N₄	SW	P	UT of CNTs with surfactant (C16TAB) and Si₃N₄	SPS under vacuum
[12]	Al₂O₃	MW	Oxidation at 500 °C for 90 min	UT of CNTs in ethanol	SPS at 1500 °C for 10 min under 50 MPa
[32]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT (H₂SO₄ + HNO₃)	UT of CNTs into water and SDS then incubation for 2 weeks	HP at 1600 °C, 60 min, 40 MPa
[33]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT (H₂SO₄ + HNO₃) for 3 h	24 h BM of ball Al₂O₃ powder and 30 min UT of CNTs in water and then BM of CNTs/Al₂O₃ mixture	PLS at 1500–1600 °C, 120–240 min, Ar
[34]	Al₂O₃	MW	Pristine	UT of CNTs for 1 h in alcohol	CIP at150MPa and PLS at 1500 °C, and 1700 °C with 2 h
[35]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT (heating in 65% HNO₃ at 80 °C for 8 h)	BM and Surfactant (Darvan C–N)	PLS at 1500 °C for 2 h using Ar
[36]	Mulite	MW	P	CNTs dispersion into ethanol by MS and UT	HP at 1600 °C for 60 min under Ar atmosphere at 30 MPa
[37]	Si₃N₄	MW	P	24 h ball milling the CNTs and Si₃N₄ slurry	HP at 1750 °C for 60 min under 30 MPa
[38]	ZrB₂–SiC	MW	P	20 min UT of CNTs and matrix with subsequent 24 h ball milling	HP at 1900 °C for 60 min under 30 MPa
[39]	BaTiO₃	MW	P	-	HP, 1200 °C, 60 min
[40]	Al₂O₃	MW	-	DG (CVD at 750 °C for 15 min for direct CNTs growth on Al₂O₃ nano-particles)	SPS at 1150 °C for 10 min under 100 MPa
[41]	Al₂O₃	SW	Pristine	UT of CNTs in ethanol	SPS at 1520 °C under 80 MPa
[42]	Al₂O₃	MW	P	35 h UT in water	SPS at 1300 °C, 20 min, 90 MPa
[43]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT	UT of CNTs and Al₂O₃ in water followed by 2 h and BM of CNTs/Al₂O₃	PLS at 1600 °C, 15 min, Ar
[44]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT (HNO₃ for 30 min)	5 h BM of CNTs and 1 h UT of CNTs. 5 h BM of CNT/Al₂O₃ in ethanol	PLS at 1550 °C, Ar
[45]	Al₂O₃	MW	AT (H₂SO₄ + HNO₃ in 3:1 for 7 h)	surfactant (SDS) using combination of UT and 24 h BM	HP at 1550 °C for 1 h under 30 MPa using Ar gas
[46]	Al₂O₃ + ZrO	MW	AT (heating in 65% HNO3 at 80 °C for 8 h))	2 min UT of CNTs with surfactant (SDS)and 24 BM then freezing with Nitrogen	HP at 1500 °C for 2 h under 30 MPa in Ar atmosphere
[47]	Al₂O₃	SW	AT (H₂SO₄ + HNO₃)	UT for 24 h	SPS at 1300 °C for 5 min under 75 MPa

Notes: SW: Single-walled CNTs; MW: Multi-walled CNTs; UT: Ultrasonication; BM: Ball milling; HP: Hot-pressing; SPS: Spark plasma sintering; PLS: Pressureless sintering; SDS: Sodium dodecyle sulphate; CIP: cold isostatic pressing; P: Pristine; MS: Magnetic stirring.