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Illustration of a single molecule manipulation experiment using atomic force microscopy (AFM). (a) One end of the DNA molecule is attached to a substrate while the other end is pulled by the AFM cantilever tip; (b) The cantilever spring obeys Hooke’s law and the elasticity of DNA follows the wormlike chain (WLC) model. The stage position, λ, is related to the molecular end-to-end distance, z, by z = λ – Δz. Adapted from [33].
