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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Feb 7.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2017 Feb 7;25(2):262–284. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.022

Fig. 3. Non-canonical signaling roles for βOHB.

Fig. 3

Pleiotropic effects have been observed. Mechanisms of action still require elucidation for many of the observed effects, and ideal experiments discriminate among d-βOHB, l-βOHB, AcAc, and related compounds including butyrate and acetate, and the potential role of altered redox potential and oxidative fate. NLRP3, NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3; PGE2/PGD2, prostaglandins E2/D2.