Table 2. Penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy: summary of clinical trials using non-oral modalities.

Author	Year	N	Follow-up	Study design	ED treatment (treatment period)	Level of evidence	Significant findings
McCullough et al. (33)	2010	212	9 months	Prospective, randomized	IUA vs. sildenafil (9 months)	2	No difference in IIEF and intercourse success between treatments
Montorsi et al. (34)	1997	30	12 weeks	Prospective randomized	ICI vs. no treatment (12 weeks)	2	ICI has higher rate of spontaneous erections compared with controls
Mulhall et al. (35)	2005	132	18 months	Prospective, non-randomized	Sildenafil +/− ICI (12 months)	3	Treatment group had more spontaneous erections and higher IIEF compared with controls. Men on rehabilitation are more likely to respond to treatment
Mulhall et al. (36)	2009	84	2 years	Retrospective, no control	Sildenafil +/− ICI: early (2 months) vs. delayed (7 months)	4	Early better than delayed group in unassisted erections
Raina et al. (37)	2006	109	9 months	Prospective, randomized	Daily VED vs. no treatment	2	VED improved rate of spontaneous erections and decreased penile shrinkage
Raina et al. (38)	2010	141	5 years	Prospective, non-randomized	VED and other non-oral therapies (9 months)	3	Most men who tried non-oral agents, with or without VED, remained sexually active after 5 years
Engel et al. (39)	2011	23	12 months	Prospective, randomized	VED and tadalafil vs. tadalafil	2	Combination therapy had higher IIEF scores
Fode et al. (40)	2014	68	18 months	Retrospective	PVS with PDE5I vs. no PVS with PDE5I (6 weeks)	3	No significant difference, though trend of better IIEF score in patients using PVS
Yiou et al. (41)	2015	12	1 year	Phase I–II, no-control	ICSCT	4	Significant improvement in IIEF scores compared to baseline. Well tolerated

VED, vacuum erection devices; IUA, intraurethral alprostadil; ICI, intracavernosal injection therapy; PVS, penile vibratory stimulation; IIEF, international index of erectile function score; ICSCT, intracavernosal stem cell therapy.