Table 1.
List of cytokines and growth factors produced by epithelial cells described in this review and some of their effects in the progression of chronic kidney disease
| FACTOR | EFFECT | REFERENCES |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| pro-fibrotic tubular cell dedifferentiation |
7 | |
| TGF-β | fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation pro-fibrotic |
23–25,30 |
| PDGF | fibroblast proliferation fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation pro-fibrotic recruitment of pericytes |
34,36 |
| Hh | fibroblast proliferation pro-fibrotic |
39,40,43 |
| CTGF | fibroblast proliferation pro-fibrotic |
31 |
| Wnt | fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation | 49,50 |
| MCP-1 | mobilization of macrophages | 74–76 |
| RANTES | mobilization of macrophages | 75,77 |
| CSF-1 | macrophage recruitment and proliferation polarization into an M2 phenotype |
79,80 |
| CX3CL1 | macrophage recruitment and adhesion survival of pro-fibrotic macrophages |
81,82 |
| Thrombospondin-1 | activation of TGF-β anti-angiogenesis |
92 |
| VEGF | endothelial cell proliferation and survival macrophage recruitment |
94–96 |
| TIMP | fibroblast proliferation fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation |
54,55 |
| Lcn2 | fibroblast production of ECM epithelial production of ECM |
52,56 |