Table 3.

Outcome Measures

Outcome	Questions	Responses	Scale Reliability in Study Sample	Reference & Published Reliability
Alcohol Frequency Cigarette Frequency Marijuana Frequency Inhalants Frequency	(4 questions) - How many times in the last 30 days have you: drunk more than a sip of alcohol (beer, wine, liquor)? …smoked cigarettes? …smoked marijuana (pot, weed)? …sniffed glue, spray cans, paint or other inhalants to get high?	1 to 7: None, 1–2 times, 3–5, 6–9, 10–19, 20–39, 40 or more times		Hansen & Graham (1991)
Alcohol Amount	(1 question) - How many drinks of alcohol have you had in the last 30 days?	1 to 7: none, 1, 2–3, 4–7, 8–15, 16–30, over 30		Hansen & Graham (1991)
Cigarette Amount	(1 question) - How many cigarettes have you smoked in the last 30 days?	1 to 7: none, a puff, 1, 2–3, 4–10, 11–20, > 20		Hansen & Graham (1991)
Marijuana Amount	(1 question) - How many hits of marijuana have you had in the last 30 days?	1 to 7: none, 1–2, 3–5, 6–9, 10–19, 20–39, 40+		Hansen & Graham (1991)
Other Risk Behaviors	(5 questions) - How often in the last 30 days have you: got into a physical fight? …done something dangerous on a dare? …skipped school? …used or carried a weapon? …stole something?	1 to 5: never, once or twice, a few times, at least once a week, almost daily	α = .83	CDC (2015) a.
Substance Use Intentions	(3 questions) - If you had the chance this weekend, would you use: alcohol? …cigarettes? …marijuana?	1 to 4: definitely no, no, yes, definitely yes	α = .85	Hecht et al. (2003) α = .82
Permissive Drug Use Norms	(3 questions) - Is it OK for someone your age to: drink alcohol? …smoke cigarettes? ...smoke marijuana?	1 to 4: definitely not OK, OK, not OK, definitely OK	α = .92	Hecht et al. (2003) α = .86
Vulnerability to Drug Offers	(3 questions) - Are you sure you would say NO if: …a family member offered you alcohol? …a close friend offered you marijuana? …a kid at school offered you a cigarette?	1 to 4: very sure, sure, not sure, not at all sure	α = .89.	Hecht et al. (2003) α = .79
Perceived Harmlessness of Substance Use	(3 questions) - How much do you think people risk harming themselves if they: smoke one or more packs of cigarettes a day? …smoke marijuana regularly? …drink one or two beers nearly every day? …have 5 or more drinks of beer, liquor or wine in a row?	1 to 4: great risk, some risk, little risk, great risk	α = .90	Arthur et al. (2002) α = .88
Positive Substance Use Expectancies	(3 questions) - Do you agree or disagree? Drinking alcohol makes parties more fun. Smoking cigarettes makes people less nervous. Smoking marijuana makes it easier to be part of a group.	1 to 4: strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree	α = .84	Hecht et al. (2003) α = .78
Exposure to Substance Offers	(4 questions) - In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: Alcohol? …Cigarettes or tobacco? …Marijuana? …Other drugs?	1 to 6: never, once, 2–3, 4–6, 7–10, over 10 times	α = .84	Marsiglia et al. (2014) a.
Drug Resistance Strategies 12 items: four questions for each of three substances	(12 questions) - In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol; …cigarettes; …marijuana was/were offered to you? Said ‘No’ without giving a reason why” [Refuse]; …Gave an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer [Explain]; …Avoided people or places because you might be offered (the substance) [Avoid]; …Left the situation without accepting the offer [Leave]	0 to 3: never, once, twice, 3 or more times Summed across all three substances the range for each strategy is 0 to 9		Hecht et al. (2003)
American Indian (AI) Ethnic Identity	(11 questions) - I have tried to learn more about my AI background. I have often talked to other people about my AI background. I am happy to be AI. I feel like I really belong to an AI community. I am involved in AI customs, such as food, music or celebrations. I am active in organizations or social groups that include mostly AI. I have a clear sense of my AI background and what it means to me. I think about how my life will be affected because I am AI. I understand pretty well what it means to be AI. I feel strongly attached to my AI community. I feel good about my AI Indian background.	1 to 4: strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree	α = .90	Phinney (1992)b. α = .81
American Indian Spirituality	(4 questions) - How involved are you in private AI spiritual activities? How important is it for you to follow traditional American Indian beliefs? Are spiritual values a part of your life? How important is being spiritual to you?	1 to 4: not at all, a little, some, a lot	α = .80	Kulis, Hodge, Ayers, Brown & Marsiglia (2012) b. α = .79
American Indian Cultural Traditions	(10 questions) - How involved are you in these American Indian traditions? Memorials/feasts; Powwows/dances; Giveaways; Healing ceremonies; Sweats; Naming ceremonies; Talking circles; Spiritual running; Drumming groups; Sacred tobacco use	1 to 4: not at all, a little, some, a lot	α = .90	Kulis, Wagaman, Tso, & Brown (2013) b. α = .90

^aNo reliability coefficient presented for scale in referenced article

^bScale has been used with AI youth