Table 4. Comparison of Clinical Variables among Patterns Classified by Combination of Low Brain and High Liver FDG Uptake.
| Variable | Pattern 1 (n = 11) | Pattern 2 (n = 111) | Pattern 3 (n = 142) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 47.0 ± 4.5 | 46.6 ± 5.0 | 45.6 ± 4.6 | 0.241 |
| Brain SUVmax | 9.84 ± 1.62 a | 12.89 ± 2.36 b | 14.21 ± 1.52 c | < 0.001* |
| Liver SUVmax | 4.46 ± 0.23 a | 3.97 ± 0.54 b | 3.61 ± 0.38 c | < 0.001* |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 144.1 ± 18.5 a | 127.2 ± 16.3 b | 123.0 ± 15.0 c | < 0.001* |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 84.5 ± 11.3 a | 78.7 ± 11.1 a | 75.4 ± 11.3 b | 0.007* |
| Waist (cm) | 92.9 ± 5.3 a | 86.9 ± 8.7 b | 83.4 ± 6.5 c | < 0.001* |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 132.5 ± 26.8 a | 97.3 ± 13.2 b | 90.8 ± 9.4 c | < 0.001* |
| HDLc (mg/dL) | 45.2 ± 4.2 | 56.0 ± 15.1 | 56.4 ± 15.4 | 0.057 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 197.1 ± 84.0 a | 146.2 ± 81.1 b | 120.7 ± 76.0 c | < 0.001* |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 202.8 ± 31.4 | 209.3 ± 37.1 a | 196.5 ± 33.2 b | 0.016* |
| LDLc (mg/dL) | 134.1 ± 30.4 | 140.4 ± 34.7 a | 128.0 ± 30.8 b | 0.012* |
| AST (IU/L) | 26.8 ± 12.4 a | 26.5 ± 10.2 a | 22.4 ± 5.7 b | < 0.001* |
| ALT (IU/L) | 38.2 ± 21.7 a | 29.0 ± 15.0 b | 23.6 ± 12.6 c | < 0.001* |
| ALP (IU/L) | 73.6 ± 20.2 | 76.3 ± 19.4 | 76.3 ± 17.6 | 0.896 |
| γ-GT (IU/L) | 58.1 ± 41.7 a | 58.9 ± 55.8 a | 33.4 ± 30.2 b | < 0.001* |
| Total protein (g/dL) | 7.45 ± 0.42 | 7.42 ± 0.37 | 7.84 ± 5.35 | 0.695 |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.80 ± 0.36 | 0.90 ± 0.36 | 0.90 ± 0.39 | 0.694 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 15.5 ± 2.3 | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 0.073 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.98 ± 0.13 | 0.98 ± 0.12 | 0.99 ± 0.11 | 0.922 |
| ESR (mm/hr) | 4.00 ± 2.93 | 5.43 ± 4.40 | 4.68 ± 4.95 | 0.346 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 1.72 ± 1.67 | 1.40 ± 2.63 | 1.29 ± 5.32 | 0.943 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.63 ± 1.03 a | 1.28 ± 0.91 b | 1.03 ± 0.64 c | < 0.001* |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 9.15 ± 3.75 a | 5.84 ± 3.90 b | 5.05 ± 2.96 b | < 0.001* |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.75 ± 0.84 a | 5.64 ± 0.63 b | 5.33 ± 0.32 c | < 0.001* |
| TSH (µIU/mL) | 2.21 ± 1.24 | 1.93 ± 1.11 | 1.76 ± 1.05 | 0.229 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 2.2 a | 25.3 ± 3.2 b | 23.9 ± 2.5 c | < 0.001* |
| FRS (%) | 8.55 ± 6.85 a | 6.96 ± 5.24 a | 5.36 ± 4.49 b | 0.011* |
| Fatty liver | 10 (90.9) | 56 (50.5) | 35 (24.6) | < 0.001* |
| Current smoking | 5 (45.5) | 57 (51.4) | 67 (47.2) | 0.784 |
| Presence of MS | 10 (90.9) | 30 (27.0) | 10 (7.0) | < 0.001* |
| DM | 7 (63.6) | 10 (9.0) | 3 (2.1) | < 0.001* |
| HTN | 8 (72.7) | 38 (26.8) | 30 (21.1) | < 0.001* |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or number (%). Pattern 1, concurrent low brain and high liver FDG uptake; pattern 2, either low brain or high liver FDG uptake; pattern 3, without either. a–c, same letter indicates nonsignificant difference between groups based on Student-Newman-Kuels multiple comparison test. *p < 0.05. ALP = alkaline phosphatase, ALT = alanine aminotransferase, AST = aspartate aminotransferase, BMI = body mass index, BUN = blood urea nitrogen, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, DM = diabetes mellitus, ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate, FBG = fasting blood glucose, FRS = Framingham risk score, HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin, HDLc = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hsCRP = high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HTN = hypertension, LDLc = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, MS = metabolic syndrome, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SUVmax = maximum standardized uptake value, TG = triglyceride, TSH = thyroid–stimulating hormone, γ-GT = γ-glutamyl transpeptidase