Fig. 2.

Acute and long-term changes in the concentration (a) and secretion rates (b) of the alpha-defensins HNP1-3 for the three treatment conditions (mean ± 95% confidence intervals). Statistically significant differences were only found from the baseline levels measured at pre- (before the first workout) to post-intervention, measured at both before and after the last workout for the beef treatment condition for both the concentration (p = 0.025 and p = 0.049) and secretion rates (p = 0.032 and p = 0.027), respectively