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. 2016 Nov 1;6(11):e935. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.146

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Infants exposed to prenatal maternal depression (PMD) show reduced structural connectivity between the amygdala and the ventral prefrontal cortex. (a) A probabilistic structural connectivity map (shown in red–yellow) overlaid with a ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) mask. White matter tracts from the amygdala were estimated using probabilistic diffusion tractography; amygdala–PFC structural connectivity was then calculated on the basis of the ratio of numbers of tracts reaching each PFC target region relative to all estimated amygdala tracts. For presentational purpose, the estimated tracts were registered and overlaid with the standard neonatal brain. (b) A box plot of amygdala–vPFC structural connectivity. General linear model revealed a significant decrease in amygdala–vPFC structural connectivity in infants exposed to PMD relative to unexposed infants (N-PMD). ***P<0.001.