Table 1. Surface elemental composition and results of least squares fitting of the C 1 s peak.
| Distance to glacier (m) | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 55 | 110 | 255 | 375 | 515 | 620 | 710 | ||||||||||
| Soil age (yrs) | |||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 7 | 15 | 65 | 70 | 80 | 110 | 120 | ||||||||||
| (at.-%) | |||||||||||||||||
| Na | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
| Fe | 2.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | |
| O | 56.2 | 1.1 | 52.5 | 1.2 | 53.5 | 0.7 | 51.1 | 1.3 | 49.6 | 1.3 | 48.7 | 1.4 | 43.8 | 1.0 | 43.1 | 1.5 | |
| N | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | |
| K | 3.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.2 | |
| Ca | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
| C | 14.9 | 1.7 | 21.2 | 2.8 | 20.7 | 0.7 | 24.8 | 2.2 | 26.4 | 1.6 | 29.1 | 1.4 | 37.5 | 2.2 | 37.5 | 2.8 | |
| Si | 14.6 | 0.9 | 15.3 | 0.7 | 14.9 | 0.3 | 12.4 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 0.3 | 11.0 | 0.2 | 10.0 | 0.7 | 11.7 | 0.7 | |
| Mg | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | |
| Al | 5.9 | 0.3 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 4.2 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.4 | |
| OC | 11.7 | 0.4 | 9.9 | 1.2 | 12.1 | 0.7 | 14.5 | 0.1 | 12.8 | 2.0 | 15.8 | 1.0 | 15.8 | 1.0 | 13.0 | 1.5 | |
| Ocation | 44.5 | 1.5 | 42.6 | 2.2 | 41.4 | 0.4 | 36.5 | 1.4 | 36.7 | 1.5 | 32.9 | 0.4 | 28.0 | 1.6 | 30.2 | 2.2 | |
| (−) | |||||||||||||||||
| C/N | 38.1 | 11.2 | 26.3 | 3.6 | 29.4 | 13.4 | 17.8 | 0.8 | 15.0 | 1.7 | 15.9 | 3.0 | 21.2 | 6.1 | 23.3 | 2.9 | |
| CIA | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | |
| O/C | 3.8 | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.1 | |
| (nm) | |||||||||||||||||
| t | 0.54 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.25 | 0.71 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 1.01 | 0.37 | 1.22 | 0.26 | 1.65 | 0.43 | 1.50 | 0.44 | |
| (at.-%) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cp | 13.9 | 0.9 | 18.8 | 2.9 | 18.7 | 0.7 | 20.3 | 0.7 | 21.6 | 1.0 | 19.6 | 0.9 | 25.3 | 1.5 | 20.9 | 1.9 | |
| Cnp | 1.0 | 0.9 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 9.5 | 1.2 | 12.2 | 1.0 | 16.6 | 1.5 | |
| (−) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cnp/Cp | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.1 | |
| (°) | |||||||||||||||||
| CA | 0.0 | 0.0 | 36.3 | 7.3 | 34.4 | 8.7 | 37.5 | 9.4 | 59.2 | 4.9 | 74.2 | 6.9 | 89.8 | 1.9 | 98.1 | 2.3 | |
| CA5s | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.7 | 12.5 | 7.2 | 11.2 | 17.3 | 11.1 | 33.8 | 9.0 | 45.0 | 10.3 | 74.8 | 6.4 | 85.0 | 2.7 | |
OC is the share of O bound to C38, Ocation is the share of O bound to mineral-derived cations, CIA is the chemical index of alteration25, t is the coating thickness (determined after Pantano & Wittberg31), Cp is the share of polar C species, Cnp is the share of non-polar C species35,36, CA is the initial contact angle and CA5s is the CA 5 seconds after placement of the water drop. CA5s serves as an estimate about CA stability47. The numbers in italics give the standard deviation (n = 3, for t: n = 6).