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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Feb 17.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015 Mar 28;53:121–130. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.011

Table 1.

Summary of study results on the association between pulse pressure and cerebral small vessel disease

Reference Index n Age(y) Standardized effect estimate or direction of associationa Adjustments
WMH Microbleeds Infarcts Age Blood pressure
Cross-sectional studies (12 studies)
Poels et al., 2010/
Verhaaren et al., 2013b 		off 3,979 60 β 0.08* OR 1.09 x
Tsao et al., 2013 cent 1,419 61 β 0.002 OR 0.97 x x
Liao et al., 1997 (1)c off 843 63 OR 1.32 x
Liao et al., 1997 (2)c off 728 61 OR 2.17* x
Aribisala et al., 2014 off 694 73 β 0.04 x
Kim et al., 2011 off 692 63 +* x x
Mitchell et al., 2011 cent 668 75 β −0.02 OR 1.71* x x
Ochi et al., 2010 d off 500 67 OR 1.10 x
Kim et al., 2012 off 236 66 +* x
Naganuma et al., 2011 off 179 58 OR 1.73* x
Kwon et al., 2014 amb 169 66 + x x
Henskens et al., 2008 amb 167 52 OR 0.90 OR 0.93 OR 0.93 x x
De Leeuw et al., 2004 off 152 68 + x
Longitudinal studies (2 studies)
Verhaaren et al., 2013 off 655 62 +* x
Van Dooren et al., 2014 amb 169 53 OR 1.95 x

Studies are ordered from largest to smallest sample size.

a

If available, (fully adjusted) standardized effect estimates are presented. If not, direction of association is presented.

+: higher PP associated with higher prevalence/incidence of markers of cerebral small vessel disease

−: higher PP associated with lower prevalence/incidence of markers of cerebral small vessel disease

=: no association between PP and cerebral small vessel disease; direction of association not indicated in original manuscript.

*

P<.05

b

Studies based on an overlapping population (Rotterdam study). Poels et al., 2010 describes the association between PP and microbleeds in the total population (n=3,979). Verhaaren et al., 2013 describes in a subsample (n=655) the association between PP and WMH.

c

Analyses stratified for European-Americans (1) and African-Americans (2). Results not available for the total study population.

d

Ochi et al., 2010 also evaluated the association between office PP and WMH; results for office PP were qualitatively similar to results for central PP.

y = years; WMH = white matter hyperintensities; OR = odds ratio; off = office pulse pressure; amb = ambulatory pulse pressure; cent = central pulse pressure