Table 3.

Summary of study results on the association between pulse pressure and cognitive impairment

Reference	Index	n	Age(y)	Standardized effect estimate or direction of association^a					Adjustments

				Dementia	Global score	Memory	Processing speed	EF/A	Age	Blood pressure
Cross-sectional studies (17 studies)
Tsivgoulis et al., 2009	off	19,836	65		OR 0.98				x
Obisesan et al., 2008	off	5,408	71		+^*				x
Tsao et al., 2013	cent	1,578	61			β 0.07^*		β 0.02	x	x
Robbins et al., 2005	off	1,563	49		+^*	+^*	+^*	=	x	x
Mitchell et al., 2011	cent	668	75			β 0.11^*	β −0.02	β 0.09	x	x
Davis et al., 2003	off	609	74		− ^*	− ^*	=	− ^*	x
Sabayan et al., 2012	off	572	85		−				x
Chrysohoou et al., 2012	off	535	75		OR 1.41^*				x
Pase et al., 2013 ^b	cent	493	53			β 0.12^*	β 0.14^*	β 0.16^*	x	x
Molander et al., 2010	off	476	90		− ^*				x
Fuijwara et al., 2005	off	352	77		+^*				x
Yasar et al., 2011	off	337	74		−	=	+	+	x
van Bruchem-Visser etal., 2009	off	327	77		− ^*				x
Giang et al., 2005	off	314	63		+	+	+	−	x
Kalaitzidis, 2013	off	256	53		+			+^*	x
Fukuhara et al., 2006	off	203	85		+				x	x
Raz et al., 2011	off	158	52					=	x

Longitudinal studies (13 studies)
Peters et al., 2013	off	3,337	84	+^*
Freitag et al., 2006 (1)^c	off	2,505	58	+					x
Freitag et al., 2006 (2)^c	off	2,505	77	−					x
Lee, 2013	off	1,925	73		+				x	x
Ogunniyi et al., 2011	off	1,753	76	OR 1.21^*					x
Waldstein et al., 2008	off	1,749	57		+^*	+^*	+	+^*	x	x
Taylor et al., 2013	off	1,484	50		−				x
Qiu et al., 2003	off	1,270	82	U^* ^d					x	x
Benetos et al., 2012	off	873	88		=				x	x
Morris et al., 2001	off	634	72	OR 0.85					x
McFall et al., 2014	off	599	71					+^*
Yang et al., 2011	off	594	76	OR 1.00					x
Sabayan et al., 2012	off	572	85		− ^*				x
Yasar et al., 2011	off	337	74		+	+	+	+^*	x

Studies are from largest to smallest sample size.

If available, (fully adjusted) standardized effect estimates are presented. If not, direction of association is presented. Mean effect estimates are presented if multiple results were available for the same cognitive domain.

+: higher PP associated with worse cognitive function

−: higher PP associated with better cognitive function

=: no association between PP and cognitive function; direction of association not indicated in original manuscript.

P <.05

Pase et al., 2013 also evaluated the association between office PP and cognitive impairment; results for office PP were qualitatively similar to results for central PP.

Study evaluated PP measured at a mean age of 58 (1) and 72 years (2), respectively.

U-shaped association between PP and cognitive decline.

Y = years; EF/A = executive function/attention; OR = odds ratio; off = office pulse pressure; cent = central pulse pressure