Table 4. Community Resilience in the 2011 Flood Threats.

Flood Operations by Community Sector
Community Sectors	Disaster Phase	FARGO ND	MINOT ND
Overarching Community Identity		“Floodplain identity.” Annual “flood fight.” History of shared successes.	Identity in process of change, as major oil boom takes place in region. Last devastating flood was 1969.
Community Leadership	Pre/Impact	Active, respected, flood-experienced leaders. Dual theme: promote calm and urgent action: “hopeful realism.” Daily televised “leadership table.” Coordination with state and federal resources and leadership.	Mayoral position part-time. Respected leadership. Frequent leadership communication in traditional press-conference format. Coordination with state and federal resources and leadership. Coordination with state and federal resources and leadership-strong presence by those entities, including visit by Secretary of Homeland Security. Frequent communication with Canadian officials.
	Post-Impact	Increased community solidarity Coordination of resources.	Continued utilization of and advocacy for resources
Emergency Management/ First Responders	Pre/Impact	EOC activation. Active participation in flood fight High-level readiness to respond to levee breeches, other emergencies. National Guard member days- 12,429	EOC activation Active participation in flood fight High-level readiness to respond to levee breeches, other emergencies. National Guard member days-28,158
	Post-Impact	Returned to normal operations.	Continued effect on first responders (one-third of staff personally impacted) Gradual reduction in EOC with eventual stand-down, on alert.
Voluntary Organizations	Pre/Impact	Promoting active engagement of citizen volunteers. Volunteer coordination hotline. Prepared to open shelters with both American Red Cross/VOAD participation. Red River Resilience (RRR): education materials, expert research, promotion of citizen self-care.	Promoting active engagement of citizen volunteers. Volunteer coordination hotline. Sheltering operations American Red Cross/VOAD participation. Significant assistance in clean-up by faith-based organizations. A major hurdle for volunteers-housing (due to lodging of Bakken Shield oil workers throughout Minot)
	Post-Impact	Monitoring needs of individuals and households. Limited case management. Limited volunteer activities in area due to lack of need. Undertook projects outside of the Fargo-Moorhead area.	Ongoing volunteering High reliance on local volunteers due to limited housing Estimate: 3,135 volunteers 212,000 volunteer hours 215,000 meals served 16,000 shelter nights provided
Cultural/ Faith-based	Pre/Impact	Active participation through VOAD, RRR, mental health.	VOAD with assistance from RRR
	Post-Impact	Active monitoring of the recovery situation through participation with VOAD agencies Limited volunteer activities in area due to lack of need Participation in flood response outside of the Fargo area	Active monitoring of the recovery situation Participation by VOAD agencies Significant faith-based assistance in recovery and clean-up
Media/ Communications	Pre/Impact	Leadership-guided communications Liberal use of Midwest humor Daily briefings, media interviews, simple messages 2–1-1 information hotline Internet resources and websites RRR and mental health communications Motivation to remain goal-oriented Support to remain confident, hopeful	Leadership-guided communications Use of sign-language during those communications Media interviews, including mental health interviews 2–1-1 information hotline Internet resources and websites Continual stream of local media coverage
	Post-Impact	Interest quickly dissipated.	Public concert/fund-raiser by renowned rock band Telethon fund-raiser Television series on flood impact
Health Care	Pre/Impact	Evacuation as needed of vulnerable patients Readiness to respond to mass casualties if needed.	230 nursing home residents evacuated Readiness to respond to mass casualties if needed Temporary closure of inpatient psychiatric and addiction facility
	Post-Impact	Monitoring of recovery situation through the VOAD	Original behavioral health facility remains closed-temporary facilities utilized elsewhere
Public Health	Pre/Impact	Active monitoring of health status Maintenance of community health programs	Active monitoring of health status Maintenance of community health programs. Increase in vaccinations (Td/Tdap, etc.)
	Post-Impact	Monitoring of recovery situation through the VOAD and City/County government agency meetings on both sides of the river	Ongoing monitoring via local and state health departments Reports of slight increase in substance use, domestic violence and home accidents
Mental Health	Pre/Impact	Coordination with RRR Provision of mental health messaging, videos. Participation on flood hotline Neighbors helping neighbors	Public, private and VOAD messaging Mental Health messaging via interviews, PSAs Neighbors helping neighbors
	Post-Impact	Monitoring of recovery situation through VOAD and City/County government agency meetings on both sides of the river	Project Renew-crisis counseling grant, assisting thousands Over 1/3 of providers personally impacted
Schools/ Universities	Pre/Impact	Involvement of youth in sandbagging and mitigation activities “Flood fight” as “civics lesson” Ongoing community resilience research/publication with collaboration from local and national resilience experts	Minot State Auditorium used as shelter
	Post-Impact	Returned to normal operations	Multiple school buildings unable to be reopened in Fall 2011
Businesses	Pre/Impact	Business closures to decrease traffic Active engagement in flood fight
	Post-Impact	Resumed/continued with normal operations	Major business impact, either from direct damage, lack of access, or loss of employees

RRR, Red River Resilience; VOAD, Voluntary Organizations Active in Disasters