Table 2.
Structural brain imaging, neuropsychological testing, and depression and symptom scores in 45 retired National Football League players a
| Outcome | Mean (±SD) or n (%) |
|---|---|
| Structural brain imaging | |
| Cavum septum pellucidum | |
| Absent | 10 (22) |
| Small | 32 (71) |
| Large | 3 (7) |
| SWI microbleeds | 4 (9) |
| FA mean | 0.459 (±0.035) |
| Neuropsychological testing | |
| Brief visuospatial memory test—sum | 43.0 (±10.9) |
| Brief visuospatial memory test—delayed recall | 49.4 (±11.0) |
| California Verbal Learning Test—sum | 39.1 (±9.2) |
| California Verbal Learning Test—short delay free recall | 39.5 (±10.4) |
| California Verbal Learning Test—long delay free recall | 38.4 (±8.6) |
| Trails A | 51.1 (±10.8) |
| Trails B | 46.5 (±8.0) |
| Controlled Oral Word Association Test—FAS | 47.9 (±9.0) |
| Animals | 50.2 (±9.6) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Digit Span | 47.7 (±8.9) |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Letter Numbering Sequence | 50.6 (±8.9) |
| Wechsler Test of Adult Reading—Intelligence Quotient | 98.6 (±12.3) |
| ImPACT verbal memory | 75.9 (±12.0) |
| ImPACT visual memory | 59.0 (±14.0) |
| ImPACT visual motor processing speed | 28.6 (±8.3) |
| ImPACT reaction time | 0.77 (±0.19) |
| ImPACT impulse control | 5.70 (±6.0) |
| Depression and symptom scales | |
| Beck Depressive Inventory–II | 9.71 (±9.6) |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | 28.5 (±1.3) |
| Patient Health Questionnaire | 26.5 (±19.9) |
| ImPACT Total Symptom Score | 20.0 (±21.3) |
FA, fractional anisotropy; ImPACT, Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing; SWI, susceptibility weighted image; Trails A and B, Trail Making Tests A and B.
a
Reprinted with permission from Solomon et al.60